A&P 2 Final MGCCC Questions and Answers 2024/2025

List functions of the kidneys (pp. 995-996)  Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood ionic composition, regulation of blood pH, Regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood pressure, maintenance of blood osmolarity, production of hormones, regulation of hormones, regulation of blood glucose levels List waste products normally excreted by the kidneys (pg. 1011)  Water, proteins, Sodium ions, Chloride ions, Bicarbonate ions, glucose, urea, potassium ions, uric acid, creatinine Which layer of smooth dense irregular connective tissue covers the kidney and outer layer of the ureter? (pg. 995)  renal fascia Which portion of the kidney extends between the renal pyramids? (pg. 998)  renal columns List the order of blood flow through the kidneys (pg. 998)  Renal artery, Segmental arteries, Interlobar arteries, Arcuate arteries, Cortical radiate arteries, Afferent Arteries, Glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, peritubular venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein List the order of filtrate flow through a cortical nephron (pg. 1001)  Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule 2 0 2 4 /2025 | © copyright | This work may not be copied for profit gain Excel! 1 | P a g e | G r a d e A + | 2 0 24 / 2 0 2 5 Which nephron structure reabsorbs the most substances? (pg. 1010)  proximal convoluted tubule Which nephron structure filters blood plasma? (pg. 999)  glomerulus What is reabsorption? (pg. 1005)  the process by which the nephron removes water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returns them to the circulating blood What is tubular secretion? (pg. 1005)  the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of reabsorption What is the basement membrane? (pg. 1007)  thin, dense sheets of specialized, self- assembled extracellular matrix that surround most animal tissues What is myogenic mechanism? (pg. 1008)  how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow constant within the blood vessel What is a transcellular reabsorption route? (pg. 1011)  passes from fluid in tubular lumen THROUGH apical membrane of a tubule cell, across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid through basolateral membrane. What percentage of filtered water do the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb? (pg. 1012) 2 0 2 4 /2025 | © copyright | This work may not be copied for profit gain Excel! 1 | P a g e | G r a d e A + | 2 0 24 / 2 0 2 5  65% How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys? (pg. 1016)  acts to increase Na-H exchange, increasing sodium reabsorption. Increased levels of Na in the body acts to increase the osmolarity of the blood, leading to a shift of fluid into the blood volume and extracellular space Where does urea recycling occur? (pg. 1020)  loop of henle. What happens to blood pH when the secretion of hydrogen ions (H+) increases? (pg. 1021)  pH lower