IBHRE CEPS SVT and VT Exam with
complete solutions 2024/2025
Recurrent AF - ANSWER-2+ episodes of AF
Paroxysmal AF - ANSWER-self terminating episodes of AF, generally less than 7
days
Persistent AF - ANSWER-Episodes of AF that is sustained over 7 days, generally
require cardioversion
Permanent AF - ANSWER-Failed cardioversion or sustained AF over 1 year,
further attempts to convert the rhythm are deemed futile
Irregular wavefront becomes fractionated as it divides into smaller, independent
daughter wavelets - ANSWER-Describe the Multiple Wavelet Theory of AF
One dominant circuit that collides with anatomical obstacles and breaks into
smaller wavelets - ANSWER-Describe the Mother Circuit theory of AF
Multiple foci from pulmonary veins enter the LA at a rapid rate, and some tissue
fails to conduct in a 1:1 manner, leading to AF - ANSWER-Describe the Focal
Drivers theory of AF
AF - ANSWER-Most common clinical arrhythmia
1 out of 6 - ANSWER-How many strokes are due to AF?
3-4 weeks - ANSWER-AF lasting more than 48 hours should have ___ (time)
Warfarin prior to and following cardioversion
2.5 - ANSWER-Target INR following Warfarin before cardioversion
, 1.7 - ANSWER-An INR less than ___ doubles the risk of stroke during
cardioversion
CHADS Score - ANSWER-Measure that is an assessment of stroke risk
2 points - ANSWER-How many points does a prior stroke add to CHADS Score?
Age over 75 years, hypertension, diabetes, CHF - ANSWER-Name four 1 point
contributors to CHADS Score
3 - ANSWER-A CHADS Score of ___ or more should receive Warfarin as the
patient is deemed at high risk of stroke
Goal of resting HR 60-80 BPM, active HR 90-110 BPM, with an average of 100BPM
or less
- achieved through beta blockers, amiodarone, AVN + PPM - ANSWER-What is
rate control and how is it achieved?
Goal is to reduce symptoms, prevent stroke, and avoid tachycardia induced
cardiomyopathy
- achieved through conversion to sinus (electrical/chemical cardioversion), then
maintenance of sinus - ANSWER-What is rhythm control and how is it achieved?
5 half lives - ANSWER-How long should an antiarrhythmic drug be stopped before
ablation?
300-350 seconds, every 30 minutes - ANSWER-Target ACT during AF ablation and
frequency checked
100 units/kg - ANSWER-Dosage for heparin for AF ablation
Less than 200 seconds - ANSWER-What ACT should be seen before sheaths are
pulled following an AF procedure?
2-3 months - ANSWER-How long should Warfarin be continued following an AF
ablation?
complete solutions 2024/2025
Recurrent AF - ANSWER-2+ episodes of AF
Paroxysmal AF - ANSWER-self terminating episodes of AF, generally less than 7
days
Persistent AF - ANSWER-Episodes of AF that is sustained over 7 days, generally
require cardioversion
Permanent AF - ANSWER-Failed cardioversion or sustained AF over 1 year,
further attempts to convert the rhythm are deemed futile
Irregular wavefront becomes fractionated as it divides into smaller, independent
daughter wavelets - ANSWER-Describe the Multiple Wavelet Theory of AF
One dominant circuit that collides with anatomical obstacles and breaks into
smaller wavelets - ANSWER-Describe the Mother Circuit theory of AF
Multiple foci from pulmonary veins enter the LA at a rapid rate, and some tissue
fails to conduct in a 1:1 manner, leading to AF - ANSWER-Describe the Focal
Drivers theory of AF
AF - ANSWER-Most common clinical arrhythmia
1 out of 6 - ANSWER-How many strokes are due to AF?
3-4 weeks - ANSWER-AF lasting more than 48 hours should have ___ (time)
Warfarin prior to and following cardioversion
2.5 - ANSWER-Target INR following Warfarin before cardioversion
, 1.7 - ANSWER-An INR less than ___ doubles the risk of stroke during
cardioversion
CHADS Score - ANSWER-Measure that is an assessment of stroke risk
2 points - ANSWER-How many points does a prior stroke add to CHADS Score?
Age over 75 years, hypertension, diabetes, CHF - ANSWER-Name four 1 point
contributors to CHADS Score
3 - ANSWER-A CHADS Score of ___ or more should receive Warfarin as the
patient is deemed at high risk of stroke
Goal of resting HR 60-80 BPM, active HR 90-110 BPM, with an average of 100BPM
or less
- achieved through beta blockers, amiodarone, AVN + PPM - ANSWER-What is
rate control and how is it achieved?
Goal is to reduce symptoms, prevent stroke, and avoid tachycardia induced
cardiomyopathy
- achieved through conversion to sinus (electrical/chemical cardioversion), then
maintenance of sinus - ANSWER-What is rhythm control and how is it achieved?
5 half lives - ANSWER-How long should an antiarrhythmic drug be stopped before
ablation?
300-350 seconds, every 30 minutes - ANSWER-Target ACT during AF ablation and
frequency checked
100 units/kg - ANSWER-Dosage for heparin for AF ablation
Less than 200 seconds - ANSWER-What ACT should be seen before sheaths are
pulled following an AF procedure?
2-3 months - ANSWER-How long should Warfarin be continued following an AF
ablation?
