BIO 151 – WYNTKU Comprehensive Final Exam
CHAPTER 1 & ATLAS-A
1. Know each level of the “Body’s Structural Hierarchy and give examples.
Atom-Carbon Molecule-Water Macromolecule- DNA Organelle-Golgi Apparatus Cell-Skin
Cell Tissue-Heart tissue Organ- Lungs Organ System- Digestive System Organism- Human
2. Explain the following “Characteristics of Life” (support each answer with an example):
a. Metabolism- the internal chemical processes that change. Ex. fat burning anabolic+catabolic
b. Growth-- increased mass ex. Femur bone grows
c. Differentiation- cell specialization ex. Zygote cell to liver cell
3. Explain how the term homeostasis is applied in human physiology. (Please base your answer
to this question on the lecture instead of your textbook)
Homeostasis is the word that describes the stable internal environment of living organisms and
the ability to return to a normal state. “The ability, in living organisms, to maintain a
physiological and the ability to reestablish a set point once disturbed”
4. Explain the roles of each of the following components of a feedback system and give an
example.
o A Receptor- beginning of the loop, is activated by a stimulus ex. Cold temperature
o The receptor signal- generated by the receptor, what is sent to the control center ex. Electric
signal informing that it is too cold
o The control center- receives a signal and reacts to the signal ex. “It's cold, shiver”
o The effector signal (lecture)- output signal ex.Shiver
o The effector (cell, tissue, or organ)- responds to the signal to return to normal ex. skeletal
muscle retracting
5. Use an example (e.g., body temperature or blood pressure) to explain a negative feedback loop
and what will shut it down (include the components of a feedback system in your example)
The external temperature drops down cold enough that it starts to affect the internal temperature.
The cold receptors in the skin detect that it is cold and send a signal to the brain which interprets
the information and sends a response electrical signal to the skeletal muscles to start contracting
resulting in heat energy to resolve and return the body to its starting state.
6. Using the example of parturition (childbirth), explain how a positive feedback system works
and what will shut it down? (Include the components of a feedback system in your example)
The receptors in the cervix are being pushed on by the baby during parturition. This sends a
receptor signal to the hypothalamus which responds by releasing oxytocin. The oxytocin
circulates and once it reaches the uterus it causes the uterine muscles to contract more. This
increases the original stimuli of the receptors in the cervix and the loop continues.
7. Explain the clinical significance of a sign versus a symptom. [Lecture, dictionary]
A sign is something that can be measured while a symptom is objective by the patient.
8. Distinguish between the anatomical, fundamental, prone, and supine body positions.
The fundamental position consists of the arms being more relaxed and the palms facing inwards,
anatomical arms are more to the sides more so linear with the body and the palms facing
forward. The supine position is where a person is facing upwards on their back while a prone
,position is where a person is lying facedown on their stomach.
9. Correctly apply directional and regional anatomy terminology included in the Atlas-A study
guide.
Superior / Inferior
Proximal / Distal
Medial / Lateral
Anterior / Posterior
Ipsilateral / Contralateral
Ventral / Dorsal
Superficial / Deep
Cephalic / Caudal
Anterior Head and Neck- front of the head/neck
Cephalic- top of head/ head
Facial- face
Cervical- neck
Posterior Head- back of the head
Cranial-skull
Upper Limb- arm
Axillary- armpit
Brachial- bicep
Cubital [clinical significance?]- inner elbow, iv spot
Antebrachial- forearm
Carpal-wrist
Palmar-palms
Anterior Trunk- front thoracic and abdominal cavity
Thoracic-lateral back
, Pectoral- pec
Sternal- sternum
Abdominal- ab/stomach abdomen
Umbilical- belly button
Inguinal-inner thigh/where leg and pubic area meet/ groin
Pubic- pubic
Posterior Trunk- back thoracic and abdominal cavity dorsal
Scapular-back shoulders
Vertebral- spine
Lumbar- lower back
Sacral-tailbone
Gluteal- gluteus maximus
Perineal- between gluteus maximus
Lower Limb- leg
Femoral-femur
Patellar- patella knee cap
Popliteal- back of the knee
Tarsal- ankle
Pedal [look up online]- foot
Plantar- sole of feet
CHAPTER 2
10. What are the major elements in the human body?
Oxygen(O), Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Nitrogen(N), Calcium(Ca),Phosphorus(P).
11. Explain what energy is.
Energy is described as the ability to perform work (force/distance)
12. Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy.
that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to
another.
13. Explain the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy.
Potential energy is unused energy, it has the future ability to be used for work. Kinetic energy is
the energy that is being used by work(something moving).
14. What is chemical energy? Give an example of this type of energy.
Chemical energy (potential energy within chemicals) is when molecules have energy that has not
been used that energy to perform work. Ex.solar energy to plants, photosynthesis (solar to chem
energy), animals eat plants/ animals eat animals/ humans eat plants/animals, ingested
plants/animals turned to ATP.
CHAPTER 1 & ATLAS-A
1. Know each level of the “Body’s Structural Hierarchy and give examples.
Atom-Carbon Molecule-Water Macromolecule- DNA Organelle-Golgi Apparatus Cell-Skin
Cell Tissue-Heart tissue Organ- Lungs Organ System- Digestive System Organism- Human
2. Explain the following “Characteristics of Life” (support each answer with an example):
a. Metabolism- the internal chemical processes that change. Ex. fat burning anabolic+catabolic
b. Growth-- increased mass ex. Femur bone grows
c. Differentiation- cell specialization ex. Zygote cell to liver cell
3. Explain how the term homeostasis is applied in human physiology. (Please base your answer
to this question on the lecture instead of your textbook)
Homeostasis is the word that describes the stable internal environment of living organisms and
the ability to return to a normal state. “The ability, in living organisms, to maintain a
physiological and the ability to reestablish a set point once disturbed”
4. Explain the roles of each of the following components of a feedback system and give an
example.
o A Receptor- beginning of the loop, is activated by a stimulus ex. Cold temperature
o The receptor signal- generated by the receptor, what is sent to the control center ex. Electric
signal informing that it is too cold
o The control center- receives a signal and reacts to the signal ex. “It's cold, shiver”
o The effector signal (lecture)- output signal ex.Shiver
o The effector (cell, tissue, or organ)- responds to the signal to return to normal ex. skeletal
muscle retracting
5. Use an example (e.g., body temperature or blood pressure) to explain a negative feedback loop
and what will shut it down (include the components of a feedback system in your example)
The external temperature drops down cold enough that it starts to affect the internal temperature.
The cold receptors in the skin detect that it is cold and send a signal to the brain which interprets
the information and sends a response electrical signal to the skeletal muscles to start contracting
resulting in heat energy to resolve and return the body to its starting state.
6. Using the example of parturition (childbirth), explain how a positive feedback system works
and what will shut it down? (Include the components of a feedback system in your example)
The receptors in the cervix are being pushed on by the baby during parturition. This sends a
receptor signal to the hypothalamus which responds by releasing oxytocin. The oxytocin
circulates and once it reaches the uterus it causes the uterine muscles to contract more. This
increases the original stimuli of the receptors in the cervix and the loop continues.
7. Explain the clinical significance of a sign versus a symptom. [Lecture, dictionary]
A sign is something that can be measured while a symptom is objective by the patient.
8. Distinguish between the anatomical, fundamental, prone, and supine body positions.
The fundamental position consists of the arms being more relaxed and the palms facing inwards,
anatomical arms are more to the sides more so linear with the body and the palms facing
forward. The supine position is where a person is facing upwards on their back while a prone
,position is where a person is lying facedown on their stomach.
9. Correctly apply directional and regional anatomy terminology included in the Atlas-A study
guide.
Superior / Inferior
Proximal / Distal
Medial / Lateral
Anterior / Posterior
Ipsilateral / Contralateral
Ventral / Dorsal
Superficial / Deep
Cephalic / Caudal
Anterior Head and Neck- front of the head/neck
Cephalic- top of head/ head
Facial- face
Cervical- neck
Posterior Head- back of the head
Cranial-skull
Upper Limb- arm
Axillary- armpit
Brachial- bicep
Cubital [clinical significance?]- inner elbow, iv spot
Antebrachial- forearm
Carpal-wrist
Palmar-palms
Anterior Trunk- front thoracic and abdominal cavity
Thoracic-lateral back
, Pectoral- pec
Sternal- sternum
Abdominal- ab/stomach abdomen
Umbilical- belly button
Inguinal-inner thigh/where leg and pubic area meet/ groin
Pubic- pubic
Posterior Trunk- back thoracic and abdominal cavity dorsal
Scapular-back shoulders
Vertebral- spine
Lumbar- lower back
Sacral-tailbone
Gluteal- gluteus maximus
Perineal- between gluteus maximus
Lower Limb- leg
Femoral-femur
Patellar- patella knee cap
Popliteal- back of the knee
Tarsal- ankle
Pedal [look up online]- foot
Plantar- sole of feet
CHAPTER 2
10. What are the major elements in the human body?
Oxygen(O), Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Nitrogen(N), Calcium(Ca),Phosphorus(P).
11. Explain what energy is.
Energy is described as the ability to perform work (force/distance)
12. Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy.
that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to
another.
13. Explain the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy.
Potential energy is unused energy, it has the future ability to be used for work. Kinetic energy is
the energy that is being used by work(something moving).
14. What is chemical energy? Give an example of this type of energy.
Chemical energy (potential energy within chemicals) is when molecules have energy that has not
been used that energy to perform work. Ex.solar energy to plants, photosynthesis (solar to chem
energy), animals eat plants/ animals eat animals/ humans eat plants/animals, ingested
plants/animals turned to ATP.
