D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
Anatomy -
The study of the body's structure
Physiology -
The Study of the body's functioning
Levels of human body (smallest to largest) -
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
11 Basic systems that make up human body -
Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary,
Immune(lymphatic), Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive (male and female)
Anterior (Ventral) -
Front/ Direction toward front of body
Posterior (Dorsal) -
Back/ Direction toward back of body
Superior (Cranial) -
Position above/ higher than another part of the body
Inferior (Caudal) -
Position below or lower then another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail
Lateral -
Side or direction toward the side of the body
Medial -
Middle or direction toward middle of the body
Proximal -
Position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body.
Distal -
Position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Superficial -
Position closer to the surface of the body
Deep -
Position farther from the surface of the body
, D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
What percent of body weight does skeletal system account for? -
20%
Humans have a vertebral column (backbone) so they are classified as what? -
vertebrates
The bones of the skeleton are divided into two divisions: -
axial and appendicular
Axial skeleton is comprised of -
Head and trunk of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib
cage. Bones along the center, or axis, of the body. Bones of the extremities. It is
appended to the axial skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton is comprised of -
remaining bones that are not axial so the bones of the limbs (arms, legs, hands,
feet) and girdles(shoulder and pelvic)
How many bones in adult human skeleton -
206
Compact bone tissue -
forms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. Gives bones their smooth, dense,
solid appearance. Accounts for 80% of total bone mass of adult skeleton
Spongy bone tissue -
Fills part or all of interior of bones. It is porous like a sponge, with irregular networks
of spaces. Much less dense than compact bones. Greater surface area than
compact bones but only 20% of bone mass.
Five classifications of bones based on size and structure -
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones
Long Bones -
consist of long shaft, are cylindrical in cross-section, and usually expanded at either
end. Mostly comprised of compact bone but have spongy bone within ends. ACT AS
LEVERS FOR THE SKELETAL MUSCLES TO ACT UPON.
Short Bones -
Generally equal in width and length. Mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded
by thin layer of compact bone. ALLOW SMALL AMOUNTS OF VARIED
MOVEMENT WHEN ARTICULATED TOGETHER
Flat Bones -
, D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
Smooth, thin bones comprising of 2 thin and flat plates of compact bone, between
which lies a layer of spongy bone. THEY PROTECT SOFT INTERNAL
STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE ATTACHMENT FOR MUSCLES
Irregular Bones -
Elaborate in shape - not classified into any other category
Sesamoid Bones -
Small or bony nodules embedded in a tendon where it passes over an angular
structure like a knee, hand, wrist, or foot
What type of bone are these? Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh), clavicle
(collarbone), radius(forearm), ulna(forearm), phalanges(fingers and toes), tibia (lower
leg), fibula (lower leg) -
Long Bones
What type of bones are these? Carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones -
Short Bones
What type of bones are these? Skull (Cranial), rib cage, scapula (shoulder blade) -
Flat Bones
What type of bones are these? Vertebrae (spine), hip bones, mandible (jaw) -
Irregular Bones
What type of bones are these? Patella (kneecap) -
Sesamoid Bones
Joint (articulation) -
where two bones come together
3 categories of joints (articulations) based on range of movement -
immoveable, partly moveable, and movable
3 main types of joints (articulations) based on structure -
Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial
Cartilaginous Joints -
Connected by hyaline cartilage, have no joint cavity (Joint b/w adjacent vertebrae in
spine)
Fibrous Joint -
Connected by dense connective tissue and have no joint cavity (skull, ribcage)
Synovial Joines -
, D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
Fluid filled cavity called a bursa that surrounds and provides cushion for articulating
bones (hip, knee joints)
bursa -
a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce
friction between tissues of the body
3 types of connective tissue -
Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon
Cartilage -
Tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of moveable joints and protects
bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Gives shape and support
to other parts of body like ears, nose, and windpipe
Ligament -
Bines one bone to another. Helps to hold structures together and allows for side to
side stability. The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) attaches the thigh bone to the
shin bone and stabilizes the knee joint
What does ACL stand for? -
anterior cruciate ligament
Tendon -
Attaches muscle to bone. Aids in movement of bone or structure. EX: Achilles
tendon connects calf muscle to heel bone.
What is the human fetus mostly made up of during early development? -
Cartilage
Ossification -
Bone tissue is created from cartilage
Major functions of the skeletal system? -
1. Support, Shape, and Protection 2. Movement
3.Storage and Release of Minerals
4.Formation of Blood Cells
Immovable joints -
allow little or no movement at the joint. Most immovable joints are fibrous joints.
Besides the bones of the cranium, immovable joints include joints between the tibia
and fibula in the lower leg, and between the radius and ulna in the lower arm.
Partly movable joints -
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
Anatomy -
The study of the body's structure
Physiology -
The Study of the body's functioning
Levels of human body (smallest to largest) -
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
11 Basic systems that make up human body -
Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary,
Immune(lymphatic), Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive (male and female)
Anterior (Ventral) -
Front/ Direction toward front of body
Posterior (Dorsal) -
Back/ Direction toward back of body
Superior (Cranial) -
Position above/ higher than another part of the body
Inferior (Caudal) -
Position below or lower then another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail
Lateral -
Side or direction toward the side of the body
Medial -
Middle or direction toward middle of the body
Proximal -
Position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body.
Distal -
Position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Superficial -
Position closer to the surface of the body
Deep -
Position farther from the surface of the body
, D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
What percent of body weight does skeletal system account for? -
20%
Humans have a vertebral column (backbone) so they are classified as what? -
vertebrates
The bones of the skeleton are divided into two divisions: -
axial and appendicular
Axial skeleton is comprised of -
Head and trunk of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib
cage. Bones along the center, or axis, of the body. Bones of the extremities. It is
appended to the axial skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton is comprised of -
remaining bones that are not axial so the bones of the limbs (arms, legs, hands,
feet) and girdles(shoulder and pelvic)
How many bones in adult human skeleton -
206
Compact bone tissue -
forms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. Gives bones their smooth, dense,
solid appearance. Accounts for 80% of total bone mass of adult skeleton
Spongy bone tissue -
Fills part or all of interior of bones. It is porous like a sponge, with irregular networks
of spaces. Much less dense than compact bones. Greater surface area than
compact bones but only 20% of bone mass.
Five classifications of bones based on size and structure -
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones
Long Bones -
consist of long shaft, are cylindrical in cross-section, and usually expanded at either
end. Mostly comprised of compact bone but have spongy bone within ends. ACT AS
LEVERS FOR THE SKELETAL MUSCLES TO ACT UPON.
Short Bones -
Generally equal in width and length. Mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded
by thin layer of compact bone. ALLOW SMALL AMOUNTS OF VARIED
MOVEMENT WHEN ARTICULATED TOGETHER
Flat Bones -
, D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
Smooth, thin bones comprising of 2 thin and flat plates of compact bone, between
which lies a layer of spongy bone. THEY PROTECT SOFT INTERNAL
STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE ATTACHMENT FOR MUSCLES
Irregular Bones -
Elaborate in shape - not classified into any other category
Sesamoid Bones -
Small or bony nodules embedded in a tendon where it passes over an angular
structure like a knee, hand, wrist, or foot
What type of bone are these? Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh), clavicle
(collarbone), radius(forearm), ulna(forearm), phalanges(fingers and toes), tibia (lower
leg), fibula (lower leg) -
Long Bones
What type of bones are these? Carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones -
Short Bones
What type of bones are these? Skull (Cranial), rib cage, scapula (shoulder blade) -
Flat Bones
What type of bones are these? Vertebrae (spine), hip bones, mandible (jaw) -
Irregular Bones
What type of bones are these? Patella (kneecap) -
Sesamoid Bones
Joint (articulation) -
where two bones come together
3 categories of joints (articulations) based on range of movement -
immoveable, partly moveable, and movable
3 main types of joints (articulations) based on structure -
Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial
Cartilaginous Joints -
Connected by hyaline cartilage, have no joint cavity (Joint b/w adjacent vertebrae in
spine)
Fibrous Joint -
Connected by dense connective tissue and have no joint cavity (skull, ribcage)
Synovial Joines -
, D204FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED RATIONALE
GRADED A+
Fluid filled cavity called a bursa that surrounds and provides cushion for articulating
bones (hip, knee joints)
bursa -
a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce
friction between tissues of the body
3 types of connective tissue -
Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon
Cartilage -
Tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of moveable joints and protects
bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Gives shape and support
to other parts of body like ears, nose, and windpipe
Ligament -
Bines one bone to another. Helps to hold structures together and allows for side to
side stability. The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) attaches the thigh bone to the
shin bone and stabilizes the knee joint
What does ACL stand for? -
anterior cruciate ligament
Tendon -
Attaches muscle to bone. Aids in movement of bone or structure. EX: Achilles
tendon connects calf muscle to heel bone.
What is the human fetus mostly made up of during early development? -
Cartilage
Ossification -
Bone tissue is created from cartilage
Major functions of the skeletal system? -
1. Support, Shape, and Protection 2. Movement
3.Storage and Release of Minerals
4.Formation of Blood Cells
Immovable joints -
allow little or no movement at the joint. Most immovable joints are fibrous joints.
Besides the bones of the cranium, immovable joints include joints between the tibia
and fibula in the lower leg, and between the radius and ulna in the lower arm.
Partly movable joints -
