TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGY THEMES
AND VARIATIONS 6TH CANADIAN
EDITION BY BAYO
Structuralism - ANSWER-A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of
psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how
these elements are related.
Introspection - ANSWER-Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious
experience.
Functionalism - ANSWER-A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology
should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.
Natural selection - ANSWER-Principle stating that heritable characteristics that
provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternate
characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be
"selected" over time.
Unconscious - ANSWER-According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that
are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert
great influence on behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER-A theory developed by Freud that attempts to
explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious
determinants of behavior.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific
psychology should study only observable behavior.
Behavior - ANSWER-Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.
Humanism - ANSWER-A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities
of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
Applied Psychology - ANSWER-The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday,
practical problems.
Clinical psychology - ANSWER-The branch of psychology concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Cognition - ANSWER-The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
,Ethnocentrism - ANSWER-The tendency to view one's own group as superior to
others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.
Evolutionary psychology - ANSWER-Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral
processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many
generations.
Positive psychology - ANSWER-Approach to psychology that uses theory and
research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects
of human existence.
Psychology - ANSWER-The science that studies behavior and the psychological and
cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated
knowledge of this science to practical problems.
Psychiatry - ANSWER-A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and
treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Empiricism - ANSWER-The premise that knowledge should be acquired through
observation.
Theory - ANSWER-A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of
observations.
Culture - ANSWER-The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions,
and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across
generations.
SQ3R - ANSWER-A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of
five steps: survey, question, read, recite, review.
Critical thinking - ANSWER-The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the
probability of a desired outcome.
Hypothesis - ANSWER-A tentative statement about the relationship between two or
more variables.
Variables - ANSWER-Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors
that are controlled or observed in a study.
Theory - ANSWER-A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of
observations.
Operational definition - ANSWER-A definition that describes the actions or
operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.
, Participants - ANSWER-The persons or animals whose behavior is being
systematically observed in a study.
Subjects - ANSWER-The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically
observed in a study.
Data collection techniques - ANSWER-Procedures for making empirical observations
and measurements.
Journal - ANSWER-A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material,
usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.
Research methods - ANSWER-Differing approaches to the manipulation and control
of variables in empirical studies.
Experiment - ANSWER-A research method in which the investigator manipulates a
variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes
occur in a second variable as a result.
Independent variable - ANSWER-In an experiment, a condition or event that an
experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.
Dependent variable - ANSWER-In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be
affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
Experimental group - ANSWER-The subjects in a study who receive some special
treatment in regard to the independent variable.
Control group - ANSWER-Subjects in a study who do not receive the special
treatment given to the experimental group.
Extraneous variables - ANSWER-Any variables other than the independent variable
that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.
Confounding of variables - ANSWER-A condition that exists whenever two variables
are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent
effects.
Random assignment - ANSWER-The constitution of groups in a study such that all
subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.
Case study - ANSWER-An in-depth investigation of an individual subject.
Survey - ANSWER-A descriptive research method in which researchers use
questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects'
behavior.
AND VARIATIONS 6TH CANADIAN
EDITION BY BAYO
Structuralism - ANSWER-A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of
psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how
these elements are related.
Introspection - ANSWER-Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious
experience.
Functionalism - ANSWER-A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology
should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.
Natural selection - ANSWER-Principle stating that heritable characteristics that
provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternate
characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be
"selected" over time.
Unconscious - ANSWER-According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that
are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert
great influence on behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER-A theory developed by Freud that attempts to
explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious
determinants of behavior.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific
psychology should study only observable behavior.
Behavior - ANSWER-Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.
Humanism - ANSWER-A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities
of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
Applied Psychology - ANSWER-The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday,
practical problems.
Clinical psychology - ANSWER-The branch of psychology concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Cognition - ANSWER-The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
,Ethnocentrism - ANSWER-The tendency to view one's own group as superior to
others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.
Evolutionary psychology - ANSWER-Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral
processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many
generations.
Positive psychology - ANSWER-Approach to psychology that uses theory and
research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects
of human existence.
Psychology - ANSWER-The science that studies behavior and the psychological and
cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated
knowledge of this science to practical problems.
Psychiatry - ANSWER-A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and
treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Empiricism - ANSWER-The premise that knowledge should be acquired through
observation.
Theory - ANSWER-A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of
observations.
Culture - ANSWER-The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions,
and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across
generations.
SQ3R - ANSWER-A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of
five steps: survey, question, read, recite, review.
Critical thinking - ANSWER-The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the
probability of a desired outcome.
Hypothesis - ANSWER-A tentative statement about the relationship between two or
more variables.
Variables - ANSWER-Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors
that are controlled or observed in a study.
Theory - ANSWER-A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of
observations.
Operational definition - ANSWER-A definition that describes the actions or
operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.
, Participants - ANSWER-The persons or animals whose behavior is being
systematically observed in a study.
Subjects - ANSWER-The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically
observed in a study.
Data collection techniques - ANSWER-Procedures for making empirical observations
and measurements.
Journal - ANSWER-A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material,
usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.
Research methods - ANSWER-Differing approaches to the manipulation and control
of variables in empirical studies.
Experiment - ANSWER-A research method in which the investigator manipulates a
variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes
occur in a second variable as a result.
Independent variable - ANSWER-In an experiment, a condition or event that an
experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.
Dependent variable - ANSWER-In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be
affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
Experimental group - ANSWER-The subjects in a study who receive some special
treatment in regard to the independent variable.
Control group - ANSWER-Subjects in a study who do not receive the special
treatment given to the experimental group.
Extraneous variables - ANSWER-Any variables other than the independent variable
that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.
Confounding of variables - ANSWER-A condition that exists whenever two variables
are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent
effects.
Random assignment - ANSWER-The constitution of groups in a study such that all
subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.
Case study - ANSWER-An in-depth investigation of an individual subject.
Survey - ANSWER-A descriptive research method in which researchers use
questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects'
behavior.
