Psych 140 Module 4 Exam

This researcher emphasized the role of the teacher and expert in learning. - answer-Vygotsky This researcher was pessimistic about a child's abilities to learn by himself. - answer-Vygotsky According to Vygotsky, in an ideal learning situation, adults give much assistance to young children early on. As the children become more competent, the adult begins to withdraw direct assistance. This illustrates the zone of _______________. - answer-proximal development Which Piagetian substage occurs during the Preoperational stage: Secondary Circular Reactions, Symbolic Function, or Metacognition. - answer-Symbolic Function Why do young children fail conservation tasks, according to Piaget? - answer-Centration ____________ according to Piaget, is the ability to understand that altering physical appearance does not necessarily change the amount of that substance. - answer-Conservation Which theorist, Piaget or Vygotsky, thought that collaborative work with teachers or older peers is the key to cognitive development? - answer-Vygotsky True or false? Gender constancy is similar to Piaget's idea of conservation. - answer-True According to Piaget, ____________ are mental activities. - answer-Operations Which theorist, Piaget or Vygotsky, thought that self-discovery was key to cognitive development? - answer-Piaget Which of the following accurately describes Discovery Learning? - answer-Children learn by actively exploring—emphasis on hands- on learning. Which of the following accurately describes Piaget's views on assimilation and accommodation? - answer-Problem-solving skills must be discovered; they cannot be taught. This researcher focused on how young children experiment on their world in order to learn about it. - answer-Piaget True or false? Myelination can impact the way that children think. - answer-True Synaptic ____________ occurs when under-utilized synaptic connections die away. - answer-Pruning The process by which neurons become insulated with a layer of fat cells is known as ____________. - answer-Myelination True or false? Myelination can impact the way that children think. - answer-True Gender ____________ theory states that children learn what society thinks about male- and female-appropriate behaviors and that they organize new information according to these models. - answer-Schema True or false? Children in early childhood as well as elementary school tend to associate with children of the same gender. - answer-True Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the most negative long-term outcomes? - answer-Neglectful True or false? It is common for young children to engage in gender stereotyping. - answer-True True or false? Neglect is not a form of child abuse. - answer-False True or false? Researchers on gender and early childhood indicate that it's rare for children of this age group to behave in very genderstereotypical ways. - answer-False True or false? Children are not born with the ability to take another's perspective. - answer-True Gender ____________ theory states that children learn what society thinks about male- and female-appropriate behaviors and that they organize new information according to these models. - answer-Schema True or false? When children play pretend games with one another, they are showing a reduction in egocentrism. - answer-True Why is parallel play an example of egocentrism? - answer-Egocentrism refers to a problem with taking another person's perspective or point of view, they are focused on their own play rather than others. When they talk, its more so them talking at people versus with them. Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Why do modern researchers often find that young children are able to overcome some aspects of egocentrism at younger ages than Piaget had thought? - answer-Mordern researchers often found that young children where able to overcome some aspects of egocentrisim because they believed that Piagets theory of the Mountain Task was hard, the children did not understand the logical context and intent of the experimenter, the materials piaget used where not unfamiliar, and the language was complicated. Hence, the researchers used easier models like the Policeman Doll Study and Turn Table Model that the children understood easily. Also, the materials used were familiar like in the turn table model where "Grover" the cartoon character from "Seasame Street" was introduced. Finally, the experiment was properly explained to the children and even when they did not get it right it was explained further and they were allowed to try again. [teachers response] Understanding the task is key. Other methods than the Three Mountains Task are perhaps more understandable to young children and can result in decentered (less egocentric) responses. Give an example of a child exhibiting animism, as defined by Piaget. - answer-The child stating that their doll is sad if the doll do not sleep with him. Answers need to show a child giving human qualities to inanimate objects According to Piaget, what is centration? - answer-Centration is the ability to focus on one aspect of an object, situation or event thereby missing out on the "big picture". It is one of the limitations of the preoerational child. Focusing all attention on one feature of an object. Describe an example of a parent or teacher using scaffolding in order to teach a child a particular concept or task. Be sure to describe beginning, middle, and later steps. - answer-When a child first starts school, a teacher will normally have a pre test for the child to take to see where they will need help for the school year. During the school year the teacher will then test the child for each thing that they go over to ensure they are keeping up. Once the school year is almost over the teacher will then give them a comprehensive test to ensure that they learned everything they needed to know from their class before they continue to a higher level. [teachers note] for articulating at least three step-by-step progressions from completely assisting the child to the child's independence on a specific task What is the age range for Piaget's Preoperational stage? - answer-2-7 years old What purpose does myelination in the brains of young children serve? - answer-Myelination serves as lubrication to speed up messages/synaptic transmission being relayed among neurons. What are 2 biological reasons for why young children think inefficiently? - answer-myelination and pruning not complete. Compare and contrast Gross Motor and Fine Motor skills. What are the differences between the two types of skills? Also, give an example of a Gross Motor skill and a Fine Motor skill that occurs in early childhood. - answer-Gross Motor skills refer to large muscle development; it requires arm and leg strength. An example of Gross Motor skill would be kicking or running. Fine Motor are skills require dexerity; these movements are to be made with the hands. An example of Fine Motor skills would be writing or coloring. [teachers note] Answers need to focus on large body movements for gross motor vs greater precision and small movements for fine motor. Examples need to accurately reflect each type. What purpose does synaptic pruning serve in the brains of young children? - answer-Snaptic pruning helps to eliminate underutilized synaptic connections between the neurons and strenghten the ones that are used often thereby resulting to a more efficient adult brain where their experiences facilitates their growth and development of their thinking process. Clear out underused synaptic connections. Answer the following essay question. Answers should be written in clear, complete sentences. Describe each of Baumrind's parenting styles. In your description, summarize the key features, indicating what responsiveness and demandingness look like in each parenting style. Just listing "low" and "high" levels of each feature for each parenting style is not a sufficient description. Be sure to also define "responsiveness" and "demandingness" in your answer. Then, give a detailed illustration of parents displaying each style. Be sure that your illustration showcases specific parents (you can even give pseudonyms if you'd like!) behaving according to each type of parenting style in everyday life. These illustrations should be distinct (separate) from your descriptions of the parenting styles. - answer-Authoritarian is low responsiveness and high demandingness. Authoritative is high responsiveness and high demandingness. Permissive is high responsiveness and low demandingness. Neglectful is low responsiveness and low demandingness. Responsiveness mean appropriately affectionate, communicative and responsive to children and demandingnessmean setting a limits and discipline the parents are. Authoritarian paretns are more removed from their children, the parent set a firm boundary between them and children. They expected their children to follow the rules without any questions. Authoritative parents is the ideal type of parents. This kind of parent balance high levels of communication and affection with apporpriate limits on their children's behavior. Their children will develop a strong social skills. Permissive parents are very indulgent and do not set any limits on their children. Most of the children cannot control themselves. Neglectful parents are fails to supervise the child or fails to provide the essentials of life. 4 pts for accurately describing each parenting style. Descriptions need to flesh out the following key features: low responsiveness, high demandingness for Authoritarian, high responsiveness and demandingness for Authoritative, high responsiveness and low demandingness for Permissive, low responsiveness and demandingness for Neglectful. 4 points for accurate and sufficiently detailed parent illustrations. 2 pts for correct definitions of demandingness and responsiveness. Answer the following essay question. Answers should be written in clear, complete sentences. Describe Piaget's Three Mountains task. Be sure to describe the purpose, procedure, and results of the study. Then, describe Hughes' Policeman Doll study—its purpose, procedure, and results. Then, answer why the studies obtained different results. - answer-Piaget's Three Mountains Task; Piaget carried out this task to confirm what age children stop being egocentric. Also he used this task to determine egocentricm in children. The children where made to sit infront of a model that comprised of three mountains of which the tops had a snow, hut and redcross. Then, the children were made to walk around the model soaking it in before seating down. Next, dolls where placed at different point of views and the children where given 10 different photographs of the mountain that showed different views and the children where asked to pick out the dolls view per time from the photographs. He noticed that the 4 year olds always picked the view that was theirs and did not realize the dolls had a different view. Next, the 6 year olds always picked a different view from their own view but still picked the wrong view of the dolls, and finally the 7 year olds always picked the right view. Hence piaget settled that children are no longer egocentric at 7 years. Hughes Policeman Doll Study: Hughes decided that piagets task was hard and he decided to use this method where he had two intersecting walls, a policeman doll and a boy doll. He made sure the chldren understood the intent of the task and explained it to them if they made a mistake. He placed the police man doll at one end of the wall and asked the children to hide the boy doll from the policeman. He also found out that the children rarely made a mistake. He realized that the 3 year olds where able to get this 90% of the time and when more dolls where place, that is two to three police man dolls at diffent end of the walls, the 4year olds where able to hide the boy dolls correctly 90% of the time. Hence, Hughes confirmed that children at the age of 4 years would have lost their egocentrism and that Piaget must have underestimated t What is the difference between gross motor and fine motor skills? Give two examples of each. - answer-Important gross motor skills that are normally accomplished in early childhood include throwing a ball, hopping, catching a ball, running, and kicking a ball. It refers to large muscle development.Examples of fine motor skills usually accomplished at this time include cutting paper, pasting, pouring, building blocks, lacing, cutting along a line, printing a name, tracing, and coloring. Fine motor skills require dexterity.[Teachers note] Gross motor refers to large muscle development, while fine motor skills require dexterity. Therefore, skills that require arm and leg strength, such as throwing, kicking, and running are gross motor skills. However, skills requiring minute movements to be made with the hands are fine motor skills. For example, writing, coloring, and cutting paper.