2024 NRNP 6635 SCHIZOPHRENIA
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression.
- CORRECT-ANSWERSSchizophrenia
The exact etiology of schizophrenia is unknown, although it is thought to be
linked to an increase in dopaminergic activity.
No single etiological factor is responsible for schizophrenia. - CORRECT-
ANSWERSEtiology of Schizophrenia
Treatment includes antipsychotics in conjunction with behavioral therapy. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSTreatment of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic serious mental disorder characterized by loss of
contact with reality and manifested by two main symptoms: hallucinations
and delusions. - CORRECT-ANSWERSSchizophrenia definition
Men and women are equally affected, but with a slight difference in the age
of onsetMen: average age of onset = 23 years Women: average age of onset
= 26 years - CORRECT-ANSWERSonset of schizophrenia
The disorder manifests when a person with a genetic predisposition is
exposed to one of many environmental stressors.
- genetic predisposition
- environmental stressors - CORRECT-ANSWERSEtiological factors of
schizophrenia
Environmental stressors are believed to be triggers of schizophrenia rather
than true causes of the disorder.
-Childhood trauma
- Residence in an urban area
- Social isolation
-Frequent cannabis use in early adolescence
- Migration
- Poverty
- Stress and psychosocial factors
, - Birth in late winter or early spring
-Advanced paternal age at conception - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnvironmental
Stressors of Schizophrenia
Genetic and environmental risk factors appear to act via a common pathway
of disrupting the function of 1 or more neurotransmitter components.
Dopaminergic theory: Almost all drugs with antipsychotic properties block
the dopaminergic D2 receptor.
However, antipsychotics are only 70% effective and clozapine, the most
effective antipsychotic for treating schizophrenia, is a weak D2 antagonist.
Hyperactivity of dopamine D2 receptor neurotransmission in subcortical, and
limbic brain regions contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Hypo functionality of dopamine D1 receptor neurotransmission in the
prefrontal cortex contributes to both negative and cognitive symptoms. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSPathophysiology of schizophrenia part 1
Other theories:
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor.
Dysfunctional gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons.
Dysfunctional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. - CORRECT-
ANSWERSPathophysiology of schizophrenia part 2
Patients with schizophrenia also have physical abnormalities of the brain
tissue, which can be seen in neuroimaging studies.
Loss of cortical tissue volume, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex,
thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
Ventricular enlargement (third and lateral).
Decreased symmetry.
Hypoactivity of the frontal lobes and hyperactivity of the basal ganglia. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSPhysical abnormalities of the brain in schizophrenia
Impairment of thoughts and affect, characterized by a distorted perception of
reality.
The impairments are severe enough to affect the patient's ability to
participate in social events or to form relationships.
Patients with schizophrenia often lack awareness about their illness (insight).
Co-existing substance use disorder and dependence is common ("dual
diagnosis").
Symptoms can be classified into premorbid, positive, negative, and
cognitive. - CORRECT-ANSWERSClinical Presentation of schizophrenia
Easy to recognize.
Delusions:
1. False, fixed beliefs maintained by the patient despite being contradicted
by reality or logical arguments.
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression.
- CORRECT-ANSWERSSchizophrenia
The exact etiology of schizophrenia is unknown, although it is thought to be
linked to an increase in dopaminergic activity.
No single etiological factor is responsible for schizophrenia. - CORRECT-
ANSWERSEtiology of Schizophrenia
Treatment includes antipsychotics in conjunction with behavioral therapy. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSTreatment of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic serious mental disorder characterized by loss of
contact with reality and manifested by two main symptoms: hallucinations
and delusions. - CORRECT-ANSWERSSchizophrenia definition
Men and women are equally affected, but with a slight difference in the age
of onsetMen: average age of onset = 23 years Women: average age of onset
= 26 years - CORRECT-ANSWERSonset of schizophrenia
The disorder manifests when a person with a genetic predisposition is
exposed to one of many environmental stressors.
- genetic predisposition
- environmental stressors - CORRECT-ANSWERSEtiological factors of
schizophrenia
Environmental stressors are believed to be triggers of schizophrenia rather
than true causes of the disorder.
-Childhood trauma
- Residence in an urban area
- Social isolation
-Frequent cannabis use in early adolescence
- Migration
- Poverty
- Stress and psychosocial factors
, - Birth in late winter or early spring
-Advanced paternal age at conception - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnvironmental
Stressors of Schizophrenia
Genetic and environmental risk factors appear to act via a common pathway
of disrupting the function of 1 or more neurotransmitter components.
Dopaminergic theory: Almost all drugs with antipsychotic properties block
the dopaminergic D2 receptor.
However, antipsychotics are only 70% effective and clozapine, the most
effective antipsychotic for treating schizophrenia, is a weak D2 antagonist.
Hyperactivity of dopamine D2 receptor neurotransmission in subcortical, and
limbic brain regions contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Hypo functionality of dopamine D1 receptor neurotransmission in the
prefrontal cortex contributes to both negative and cognitive symptoms. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSPathophysiology of schizophrenia part 1
Other theories:
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor.
Dysfunctional gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons.
Dysfunctional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. - CORRECT-
ANSWERSPathophysiology of schizophrenia part 2
Patients with schizophrenia also have physical abnormalities of the brain
tissue, which can be seen in neuroimaging studies.
Loss of cortical tissue volume, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex,
thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
Ventricular enlargement (third and lateral).
Decreased symmetry.
Hypoactivity of the frontal lobes and hyperactivity of the basal ganglia. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSPhysical abnormalities of the brain in schizophrenia
Impairment of thoughts and affect, characterized by a distorted perception of
reality.
The impairments are severe enough to affect the patient's ability to
participate in social events or to form relationships.
Patients with schizophrenia often lack awareness about their illness (insight).
Co-existing substance use disorder and dependence is common ("dual
diagnosis").
Symptoms can be classified into premorbid, positive, negative, and
cognitive. - CORRECT-ANSWERSClinical Presentation of schizophrenia
Easy to recognize.
Delusions:
1. False, fixed beliefs maintained by the patient despite being contradicted
by reality or logical arguments.
