Geology 101 Exam 1 Questions with
Verified Answers
silicates - Answer-any one of the numerous minerals that contain the silicon-oxygen
tetrahedron as their basic structure.
-account for more than 90% of earth's crust
-iron, aluminum, gypsum, plaster for drywall.
Oxides - Answer-metals bonded to oxygen
-An oxide /ˈɒksaɪd/ is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and
one other element in its chemical formula
Olivine - Answer-family of high-temperature silicate minerals that are black to olive
green in color and have a glassy luster
Dark silicates - Answer-minerals containing ions from iron and/or magnesium in their
structure -Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole,Biotite, Garnet
Light silicates - Answer-generally light in color containing varying amounts of aluminum,
potassium, calcium, and sodium,. -Feldspar, quartz, muscotive, clay minerals
sulfides - Answer-metals bonded to sulfur
sulfates - Answer-The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical
formula SO₄2−. Sulfate is the spelling recommended by IUPAC, but sulphate is used in
British English. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in
industry.
Carbonates - Answer-a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the
presence of the carbonate ion, CO2− 3.
Halides - Answer-(Chloride or Bromide) bonded with alkali metals such as sodium or
potassium
mineral - Answer-naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline material with a unique
chemical structure
Rock - Answer-consolidated mixture of minerals
-naturally occurring
Crystalline rock - Answer-, any rock composed entirely of crystallized minerals without
glassy matter. Intrusive igneous rocks—those that congeal at depth—are virtually
always crystalline, whereas extrusive igneous rocks, or volcanic rocks, may be partly to
entirely glassy.
, Clastic rock - Answer-rock grains, mineral grains, or fossil fragments held together by
mineral acting as cement or glue
Covalent Bond - Answer-chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more valence
electrons between a pair of atoms.
-more strong
uniformitarianism - Answer-physical, chemical, and biological, laws that operate today
have also operated in the geological past
ionic bond - Answer-the attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another, producing
an electrically neutral ionic compound.-not very strong
silica-tetrahedron - Answer-SiO4
-4 oxygen atoms surrounding one silicon atom
-net charge of -4
-covalent bond
Aluminum octrahedron - Answer-aluminum with 6 oxygens around it
ex: kaolinite
-can sometimes expand and shrink
Moh's hardness scale - Answer--contains 10 minerals arranged in order from 1(softest)
to 10 (hardest)
-talc being the softest and a diamond being the hardest
Convergent boundary - Answer--lithosphere plates moves TOWARDS eachother
-ocean plate dives back into mantle
-where volcanoes typically form
Divergent boundary - Answer--lithosphere plates move AWAY from eachother
-mid Atlantic ridge in iceland
-occurs when/where plate motions produce opposing tensional forces that thin the
lithosphere and promote upwelling into mantle
Transform boundary - Answer-Plates sliding past one another
-cause earthquakes
San Andreas fault - Answer-pacific and north american plates sliding past one another
(transform boundary)
Subduction Zone - Answer-a long narrow zone where one lithospheric plate descends
beneath another -Convergent boundary -oceanic crust always goes under continental
Hot spots - Answer-Magma plumes independent of tectonic plates
Verified Answers
silicates - Answer-any one of the numerous minerals that contain the silicon-oxygen
tetrahedron as their basic structure.
-account for more than 90% of earth's crust
-iron, aluminum, gypsum, plaster for drywall.
Oxides - Answer-metals bonded to oxygen
-An oxide /ˈɒksaɪd/ is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and
one other element in its chemical formula
Olivine - Answer-family of high-temperature silicate minerals that are black to olive
green in color and have a glassy luster
Dark silicates - Answer-minerals containing ions from iron and/or magnesium in their
structure -Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole,Biotite, Garnet
Light silicates - Answer-generally light in color containing varying amounts of aluminum,
potassium, calcium, and sodium,. -Feldspar, quartz, muscotive, clay minerals
sulfides - Answer-metals bonded to sulfur
sulfates - Answer-The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical
formula SO₄2−. Sulfate is the spelling recommended by IUPAC, but sulphate is used in
British English. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in
industry.
Carbonates - Answer-a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the
presence of the carbonate ion, CO2− 3.
Halides - Answer-(Chloride or Bromide) bonded with alkali metals such as sodium or
potassium
mineral - Answer-naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline material with a unique
chemical structure
Rock - Answer-consolidated mixture of minerals
-naturally occurring
Crystalline rock - Answer-, any rock composed entirely of crystallized minerals without
glassy matter. Intrusive igneous rocks—those that congeal at depth—are virtually
always crystalline, whereas extrusive igneous rocks, or volcanic rocks, may be partly to
entirely glassy.
, Clastic rock - Answer-rock grains, mineral grains, or fossil fragments held together by
mineral acting as cement or glue
Covalent Bond - Answer-chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more valence
electrons between a pair of atoms.
-more strong
uniformitarianism - Answer-physical, chemical, and biological, laws that operate today
have also operated in the geological past
ionic bond - Answer-the attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another, producing
an electrically neutral ionic compound.-not very strong
silica-tetrahedron - Answer-SiO4
-4 oxygen atoms surrounding one silicon atom
-net charge of -4
-covalent bond
Aluminum octrahedron - Answer-aluminum with 6 oxygens around it
ex: kaolinite
-can sometimes expand and shrink
Moh's hardness scale - Answer--contains 10 minerals arranged in order from 1(softest)
to 10 (hardest)
-talc being the softest and a diamond being the hardest
Convergent boundary - Answer--lithosphere plates moves TOWARDS eachother
-ocean plate dives back into mantle
-where volcanoes typically form
Divergent boundary - Answer--lithosphere plates move AWAY from eachother
-mid Atlantic ridge in iceland
-occurs when/where plate motions produce opposing tensional forces that thin the
lithosphere and promote upwelling into mantle
Transform boundary - Answer-Plates sliding past one another
-cause earthquakes
San Andreas fault - Answer-pacific and north american plates sliding past one another
(transform boundary)
Subduction Zone - Answer-a long narrow zone where one lithospheric plate descends
beneath another -Convergent boundary -oceanic crust always goes under continental
Hot spots - Answer-Magma plumes independent of tectonic plates
