FSC100 MIDTERM BEST REVIEW
b atavists - insisted that criminals were born to commit crimes due to biological deviance
positivists - claimed that. crime is the product of social causes
recidivism - the act of repeating an offence
Cesare Lombroso - -(1835-1909)
-atavist and practicing psychiatrist
-father of modern criminology
-argued that criminals were born deviant based on the size and shape of their bodies
-visited hospitals, asylums, prisons, took measurements, collected writings and drawings, took
photographs, etc.
Alexandre Lacassagne - -(1843-1924) was a positivist
-father of forensic medicine
-pointed to charts and maps and linked crime rates with geography, the behaviour of criminals depended
on their social environment
Joseph Vacher - -the French Ripper
-executed in 1898 for the murders of more than 23 people
taken into custody of a failed abduction. When incarcerated, confessed to several murders
-Lacassagne attended the trial, researched Vacher's life, interviewed him, wrote extensively on details of
the case, and provided testimony
Alphonse Bertillon - -(1853-1914)
-created the first system of physical measurements combined with photography and record keeping that
police could use to define recidivist criminals
-concept of mugshots
-emphasized on creating an immediate identification system rather than understanding the inherent
morphology of criminals
-this system is referred to as signaletics (or the Bertillonage method)
-changes in measurements created issues with identifying criminals correctly
-the Bertillon system was used for over 30 Years, fingerprinting replaced this system
, Edmond Locard - -(1877-1966)
-criminalistics: the science of solving crime, was considered forensic science by the 1970's
Hans Gross - -(1847-1915)
-Austrian professor of criminal law
-coined the term "criminalistics"
Locard's Exchange Principle - -microscopic traces are the silent witnesses in crime
-when any two objects come into contact there is always a transference of material from each object
onto another
Evidence - anything that can give or substantiate information in a legal investigation
Indirect Witness - -did not witness the crime
-may not be aware that a crime occurred
eg. a neighbour that heard a loud crash
Direct Witness - -witnessed the crime or are a victim of the crime
Associative Evidence - any evidence that places an individual at a scene and/or with a victim
Class Evidence - evidence that requires classification into a more narrow range
Electronic Evidence - information and data transmitted and/or stored in any electronic device
Latent Evidence - any evidence that is not visible without the use of chemical, photographic, or
electronic development / enhancement
Trace Evidence - evidence that has to be extracted from another substance and is in very small amounts,
often invisible to the naked eye
Indicative Evidence - evidence that substantiates or proves that a certain period of time has elapsed
Circumstantial - facts, observations, activities from which the culpability of an individual may be inferred
LOSER - LISTEN to victims and/ or witnesses
OBSERVE the scene and surroundings- including the approach
SEARCH for potential victims, suspects, witnesses, and physical evidence
EVALUATE the scene and information obtained - does it add up?
RECORD information in a memorandum or case book
Role of the First Responder - -three tiered response: police, fire department, emergency medical services
-all scenes must be treated as criminal investigations as any incidence can have criminal origin
-first officer at the scene identifies and initiates the appropriate respond
b atavists - insisted that criminals were born to commit crimes due to biological deviance
positivists - claimed that. crime is the product of social causes
recidivism - the act of repeating an offence
Cesare Lombroso - -(1835-1909)
-atavist and practicing psychiatrist
-father of modern criminology
-argued that criminals were born deviant based on the size and shape of their bodies
-visited hospitals, asylums, prisons, took measurements, collected writings and drawings, took
photographs, etc.
Alexandre Lacassagne - -(1843-1924) was a positivist
-father of forensic medicine
-pointed to charts and maps and linked crime rates with geography, the behaviour of criminals depended
on their social environment
Joseph Vacher - -the French Ripper
-executed in 1898 for the murders of more than 23 people
taken into custody of a failed abduction. When incarcerated, confessed to several murders
-Lacassagne attended the trial, researched Vacher's life, interviewed him, wrote extensively on details of
the case, and provided testimony
Alphonse Bertillon - -(1853-1914)
-created the first system of physical measurements combined with photography and record keeping that
police could use to define recidivist criminals
-concept of mugshots
-emphasized on creating an immediate identification system rather than understanding the inherent
morphology of criminals
-this system is referred to as signaletics (or the Bertillonage method)
-changes in measurements created issues with identifying criminals correctly
-the Bertillon system was used for over 30 Years, fingerprinting replaced this system
, Edmond Locard - -(1877-1966)
-criminalistics: the science of solving crime, was considered forensic science by the 1970's
Hans Gross - -(1847-1915)
-Austrian professor of criminal law
-coined the term "criminalistics"
Locard's Exchange Principle - -microscopic traces are the silent witnesses in crime
-when any two objects come into contact there is always a transference of material from each object
onto another
Evidence - anything that can give or substantiate information in a legal investigation
Indirect Witness - -did not witness the crime
-may not be aware that a crime occurred
eg. a neighbour that heard a loud crash
Direct Witness - -witnessed the crime or are a victim of the crime
Associative Evidence - any evidence that places an individual at a scene and/or with a victim
Class Evidence - evidence that requires classification into a more narrow range
Electronic Evidence - information and data transmitted and/or stored in any electronic device
Latent Evidence - any evidence that is not visible without the use of chemical, photographic, or
electronic development / enhancement
Trace Evidence - evidence that has to be extracted from another substance and is in very small amounts,
often invisible to the naked eye
Indicative Evidence - evidence that substantiates or proves that a certain period of time has elapsed
Circumstantial - facts, observations, activities from which the culpability of an individual may be inferred
LOSER - LISTEN to victims and/ or witnesses
OBSERVE the scene and surroundings- including the approach
SEARCH for potential victims, suspects, witnesses, and physical evidence
EVALUATE the scene and information obtained - does it add up?
RECORD information in a memorandum or case book
Role of the First Responder - -three tiered response: police, fire department, emergency medical services
-all scenes must be treated as criminal investigations as any incidence can have criminal origin
-first officer at the scene identifies and initiates the appropriate respond
