NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? --Answer-- Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs),
*liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: --Answer--
1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-
CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? --Answer-- Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage
proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction,
damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? --Answer-- Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? --Answer-- 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential --Answer-- Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential --Answer-- Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
, Hypokalemia and action potentials --Answer-- Hyperpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials --Answer-- HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials --Answer-- Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials --Answer-- Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy --Answer-- Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation.
Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and
may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples --Answer-- Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy --Answer-- Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand.
Hypertrophy examples --Answer-- physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? --Answer-- Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs),
*liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: --Answer--
1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-
CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? --Answer-- Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage
proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction,
damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? --Answer-- Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? --Answer-- 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential --Answer-- Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential --Answer-- Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
, Hypokalemia and action potentials --Answer-- Hyperpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials --Answer-- HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials --Answer-- Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials --Answer-- Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy --Answer-- Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation.
Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and
may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples --Answer-- Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy --Answer-- Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand.
Hypertrophy examples --Answer-- physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
