UTA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Arteriosclerosis --Answer-- Thick and Hardened artery
HTN | Smoking | Diabetes
Intima is damaged and walls stiffen. Elasticity and compliance decreases.
Atherosclerosis --Answer-- Fatty Deposits
Plaques form | tissue inflamed | High amount of LDL's (low-density
lipoproteins=more fat than protein)
Hypertension --Answer-- the force of the blood against the artery walls is too
high.
Pre - Stage I - Stage II
Preload --Answer-- Volume of blood returning from the heart.
Normal volume = 4-6ml
Afterload --Answer-- Amount of blood ejected from the heart
Contractility --Answer-- How effectively the heart works to eject blood
"toned"
Arterial Insufficiency --Answer-- Muscle tone and the state of the lumen are
compromised.
Aneurysms --Answer-- A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.
,Venous Disorders --Answer-- Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Valvular Disorders --Answer-- Gravity Winning - not necessarily pathogenic
Valve Incompetence - pathology invlolved
Cardiogenic Shock --Answer-- Heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to
meet your body's needs
What side of the heart is the Arterial side? --Answer-- The LEFT.
OXYGENATED blood is going "out" via aorta to all arteries and tissues
What side of the heart is the Venous side? --Answer-- The RIGHT.
DEOXYGENATED blood if flowing "in" from all the veins and tissues.
Inotropic --Answer-- POSITIVELY or NEGATIVELY modifying the force or speed
of contraction of muscles.
pos- pumps faster
neg- pumps less
Systemic Vasodilation --Answer-- from anaphalaxis or Sepsis
Analyphalyaxis --Answer-- severe, potentially life-threatening allergic
reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something
you're allergic to.
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
A weak and rapid pulse
In a case of HIGH preload --Answer-- Volume too LARGE- heart is working too
hard.
CAUSES: Fluid Excess States
1. heart failure
2. iatrogenic fluid overload
3. hormonal imbalances (SIADH)
In a case of LOW preload --Answer-- Volume too SMALL - not enough to
sustain good perfusion
, CAUSES:
Fluid volume deficit (bleeding, dehydration, hormonal imbalances like DI)
Systemic vasodilation (blood pools in periphery- sepsis, anaphylaxis)
Afterload problems --Answer-- Resistance - ANY resistance to forward flow
RV Afterload Pathologies --Answer-- Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Too High due to: athero/arteriosclerosis of pulmonary vasculature (narrowed
stiff pulmonary artery) Stiff noncompliant lung tissue (lung disease)
If RV afterload too high, can result in RIGHT heart failure. COR PULMONALE
LV Afterload Pathologies --Answer-- Systemic Vascular Resistance
Too high due to :
athero/arteriosclerosis (narrowed stiff vasoconstricted aorta & systemic
arteries) high resistance
If LV afterload too high, can result in LEFT heart failure. (LHF)
Too Low:
Arterial vasodilation (sepsis, anaphylaxis)
if LV too low, can result in Shock
Normal HR --Answer-- 60-100
Describe potassium changes to HR and Rhythm --Answer-- Hyperkalemia =
Increased rate
Hypokalemia = Decreases rate
Stroke Volume --Answer-- Amount ejected by the LEFT VENTRICAL with every
contraction
Normal = 70ml/beat
Conditions that facilitate good venous return and prevent backflow --
Answer-- Good drainage of tissues, proper functioning valves in legs, well
toned working muscle.
3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Arteriosclerosis --Answer-- Thick and Hardened artery
HTN | Smoking | Diabetes
Intima is damaged and walls stiffen. Elasticity and compliance decreases.
Atherosclerosis --Answer-- Fatty Deposits
Plaques form | tissue inflamed | High amount of LDL's (low-density
lipoproteins=more fat than protein)
Hypertension --Answer-- the force of the blood against the artery walls is too
high.
Pre - Stage I - Stage II
Preload --Answer-- Volume of blood returning from the heart.
Normal volume = 4-6ml
Afterload --Answer-- Amount of blood ejected from the heart
Contractility --Answer-- How effectively the heart works to eject blood
"toned"
Arterial Insufficiency --Answer-- Muscle tone and the state of the lumen are
compromised.
Aneurysms --Answer-- A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.
,Venous Disorders --Answer-- Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Valvular Disorders --Answer-- Gravity Winning - not necessarily pathogenic
Valve Incompetence - pathology invlolved
Cardiogenic Shock --Answer-- Heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to
meet your body's needs
What side of the heart is the Arterial side? --Answer-- The LEFT.
OXYGENATED blood is going "out" via aorta to all arteries and tissues
What side of the heart is the Venous side? --Answer-- The RIGHT.
DEOXYGENATED blood if flowing "in" from all the veins and tissues.
Inotropic --Answer-- POSITIVELY or NEGATIVELY modifying the force or speed
of contraction of muscles.
pos- pumps faster
neg- pumps less
Systemic Vasodilation --Answer-- from anaphalaxis or Sepsis
Analyphalyaxis --Answer-- severe, potentially life-threatening allergic
reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something
you're allergic to.
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
A weak and rapid pulse
In a case of HIGH preload --Answer-- Volume too LARGE- heart is working too
hard.
CAUSES: Fluid Excess States
1. heart failure
2. iatrogenic fluid overload
3. hormonal imbalances (SIADH)
In a case of LOW preload --Answer-- Volume too SMALL - not enough to
sustain good perfusion
, CAUSES:
Fluid volume deficit (bleeding, dehydration, hormonal imbalances like DI)
Systemic vasodilation (blood pools in periphery- sepsis, anaphylaxis)
Afterload problems --Answer-- Resistance - ANY resistance to forward flow
RV Afterload Pathologies --Answer-- Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Too High due to: athero/arteriosclerosis of pulmonary vasculature (narrowed
stiff pulmonary artery) Stiff noncompliant lung tissue (lung disease)
If RV afterload too high, can result in RIGHT heart failure. COR PULMONALE
LV Afterload Pathologies --Answer-- Systemic Vascular Resistance
Too high due to :
athero/arteriosclerosis (narrowed stiff vasoconstricted aorta & systemic
arteries) high resistance
If LV afterload too high, can result in LEFT heart failure. (LHF)
Too Low:
Arterial vasodilation (sepsis, anaphylaxis)
if LV too low, can result in Shock
Normal HR --Answer-- 60-100
Describe potassium changes to HR and Rhythm --Answer-- Hyperkalemia =
Increased rate
Hypokalemia = Decreases rate
Stroke Volume --Answer-- Amount ejected by the LEFT VENTRICAL with every
contraction
Normal = 70ml/beat
Conditions that facilitate good venous return and prevent backflow --
Answer-- Good drainage of tissues, proper functioning valves in legs, well
toned working muscle.
