WGU C785 FINAL EXAM,QUALITY DOCUMENT /RATEST
2024-2025 ( GRADE A+ )
Base Excision Repair (BER) - CORRECT ANSWERS -How you repair a mutation. BER
is used to repair damage to a base caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base
that is damaged and replace it. *BER removes a single nucleotide*
DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.
DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.
Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - CORRECT ANSWERS -replication. DNA
polymerase proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a
large section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA polymerase tries again.
(Ex: C-T instead of C-A)
Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - CORRECT ANSWERS -When
a base is mismatched due to errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA
polymerase comes by and fixes it.
What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -TRANSCRIPTION! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and
matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA
primer to work.
What is needed for DNA replication? - CORRECT ANSWERS -DNA polymerase
Nonsense Mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS -Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP
codon Stop= nonsense because it is no more.
Silent Mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS -Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the
same amino acid. Silent= the change doesn't change the name of the protein
Missense Mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS -Change in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for
a different amino acid. Missense = mistake was made.
What happends during RNA splicing? - CORRECT ANSWERS -During RNA splicing
introns are cut out, the remaining exons are joined together.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
Find the DNA template strand. - CORRECT ANSWERS -3'TAC TCA GAG AGA 5'
The DNA template strand is complimentary. So start with the opposite number, then go
L-R with the complimentary letter.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
What is the corresonding mRNA sequence? - CORRECT ANSWERS -5'AUG AGU
CUC UCU 3'
, This sequence is the same as the coding strand except T changes to U because it is
RNA. RNA doesn't have T.
How would a mutation from CTC to ATC affect the protein sequence? (CTC/ATC -
coding strand, AUC - mRNA strand) - CORRECT ANSWERS -This will make a
missense mutation because it changes the name of the protein. (look at the chart
provided.) missense = mistake
DNA replication process - CORRECT ANSWERS -DNA ->Transcription -> RNA ->
Translation -> Polypeptide
Describe how you would find what ionized Alanine looks like. - CORRECT ANSWERS -
This is an amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that
has CH3. It is a weak interaction. An ionized acid will have a + or - charge.
Describe what causes the misfolding of protein in Alzheimer's Disease. - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Protein misfolding is caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular
plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation.
TAU is fibrous material inside cells where the connections are lost. This becomes
defective and forms filaments in the neuron.
Amyloid-Beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta creates senile
plaques. This starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Describe the process of neurodegenerative protein aggregation. - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The
formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another characterisitc of Alzheimer's.
However, neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers
accumulate in the brain.
What are the molecules that help denatured proteins with folding? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Molecular chaperones are protein helpers. They bind to the newly made
Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome for
their kids? - CORRECT ANSWERS -His daughters would be carriers. This is x-link
recessive.
Autosomal:
Dominant: - CORRECT ANSWERS -Autosomal: males and females equally affected.
Dominant: non-carrier parents
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -The process of copying
DNA in the lab. Uses Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA
primers.
3 Steps of PCR - CORRECT ANSWERS -1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to
separate it.
2024-2025 ( GRADE A+ )
Base Excision Repair (BER) - CORRECT ANSWERS -How you repair a mutation. BER
is used to repair damage to a base caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base
that is damaged and replace it. *BER removes a single nucleotide*
DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.
DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.
Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - CORRECT ANSWERS -replication. DNA
polymerase proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a
large section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA polymerase tries again.
(Ex: C-T instead of C-A)
Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - CORRECT ANSWERS -When
a base is mismatched due to errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA
polymerase comes by and fixes it.
What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -TRANSCRIPTION! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and
matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA
primer to work.
What is needed for DNA replication? - CORRECT ANSWERS -DNA polymerase
Nonsense Mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS -Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP
codon Stop= nonsense because it is no more.
Silent Mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS -Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the
same amino acid. Silent= the change doesn't change the name of the protein
Missense Mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS -Change in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for
a different amino acid. Missense = mistake was made.
What happends during RNA splicing? - CORRECT ANSWERS -During RNA splicing
introns are cut out, the remaining exons are joined together.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
Find the DNA template strand. - CORRECT ANSWERS -3'TAC TCA GAG AGA 5'
The DNA template strand is complimentary. So start with the opposite number, then go
L-R with the complimentary letter.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
What is the corresonding mRNA sequence? - CORRECT ANSWERS -5'AUG AGU
CUC UCU 3'
, This sequence is the same as the coding strand except T changes to U because it is
RNA. RNA doesn't have T.
How would a mutation from CTC to ATC affect the protein sequence? (CTC/ATC -
coding strand, AUC - mRNA strand) - CORRECT ANSWERS -This will make a
missense mutation because it changes the name of the protein. (look at the chart
provided.) missense = mistake
DNA replication process - CORRECT ANSWERS -DNA ->Transcription -> RNA ->
Translation -> Polypeptide
Describe how you would find what ionized Alanine looks like. - CORRECT ANSWERS -
This is an amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that
has CH3. It is a weak interaction. An ionized acid will have a + or - charge.
Describe what causes the misfolding of protein in Alzheimer's Disease. - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Protein misfolding is caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular
plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation.
TAU is fibrous material inside cells where the connections are lost. This becomes
defective and forms filaments in the neuron.
Amyloid-Beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta creates senile
plaques. This starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Describe the process of neurodegenerative protein aggregation. - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The
formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another characterisitc of Alzheimer's.
However, neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers
accumulate in the brain.
What are the molecules that help denatured proteins with folding? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Molecular chaperones are protein helpers. They bind to the newly made
Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome for
their kids? - CORRECT ANSWERS -His daughters would be carriers. This is x-link
recessive.
Autosomal:
Dominant: - CORRECT ANSWERS -Autosomal: males and females equally affected.
Dominant: non-carrier parents
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -The process of copying
DNA in the lab. Uses Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA
primers.
3 Steps of PCR - CORRECT ANSWERS -1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to
separate it.
