©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Exam 2 CHSO 404 Exam Questions With
100% Verified Answers.
What are parts of the CNS? - answer✔brain and spinal cord
What are parts of the PNS? - answer✔afferent sensory, efferent motor, somatic voluntary, and
autonomic involuntary
What are the two neural cells and what are their functions? - answer✔neurons- functional cells of
the nervous system that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons
schwann cells- supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facilitate rapid conduction of
an action potential
How do nerve cells communicate? - answer✔action potentials- ionic changes that allow
conduction of info along with length of the axon
synaptic transmission- process by which a neuron conveys info to another cell such as a neuron,
muscle cell, or gland
neurotransmitter- key to synaptic transmission; chemical signal released from the presynaptic
neuron that interacts with the post synaptic cell
What are the 5 parts of the cerebral hemisphere? (Cerebrum) - answer✔frontal lobe, parietal
lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe limbic system
What does the frontal lobe control? - answer✔primary motor cortex for precise movement of
hands and feet, phonation (speech), premotor and motor association cortex for planning of
complex learned movement patterns
What does the parietal lobe do? - answer✔primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory
association cortex for perceiving the meaningfulness of integrated sensory inputs
What does the temporal lobe do? - answer✔primary auditory cortex important for discrimination
of sounds entering opposite ears, memory associated with certain sound patterns, long term
memory and recall
What does the occipital lobe do? - answer✔primary visual cortex, visual association cortex to
interpret meaning of visual experiences
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
What does the limbic system do? - answer✔within cerebrum, governs emotional experiences and
controls emotion-related behavior
What is the diencephalon? What two things compose of this area? - answer✔superior to the brain
stem and is enclosed by the cereal hemisphere (the thalamus and hypothalamus)
What does the thalamus do? - answer✔relay station for info to and from the cerebral cortex,
relays sensory info to the sensory cortex, relays critical info regarding motor activities to and
from regions of the motor cortex, allows for crud recognition of pleasant and unpleasant, and
some auditory experiences
What does the hypothalamus do? - answer✔master gland that controls most homeostatic
processes in the body- regulates water balance, hunger-satiety, water balance, overall
metabolism, and body temperature
also controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and regulates pituitary glands
What 2 things make up the brain stem? What does this part of the area control? -
answer✔contains pons and medulla
regulates basic and essential functions like respiratory control center, cardiovascular control
center, and vasomotor center
also controls swallowing, vomiting, micturition, salivation, pupillary diameter, consciousness,
sleep-wake cycle
What is the reticular formation or reticular activating system (RAS)? - answer✔parts of the brain
stem form this structure
it extends the length of the brain stem and governs these essential functions of the brain stem
(specifically consciousness)
What does the cerebellum do? What two hemispheres does it have? Where is it located in regards
to cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres? - answer✔governs skeletal muscle activity- running, typing,
talking, balance, and equilibrium
contains two hemispheres- outer region of gray matter and inner region of white matter
dorsally under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
What are the 4 things that protect the CNS? Describe each. - answer✔bone- skull and vertebral
column
meninges- 3 connective tissue membranes
cerebrospinal fluid- water (plasma-like) broth in ventricles that provides a watery cushion
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
the blood brain barrier- separation between blood and neurons; relatively impermeable
capillaries to prevent access to brain
What are the 3 connective tissues in the meninges? - answer✔dura mater- double layer
membrane surrounding the brain; outer most layer- closest to skull
arachnoid mater- threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF); in between
dura and pia mater
pia mater- clings tightly to the surface of brain and spinal cord; inner most layer
What are the two layers in the dura mater? - answer✔periosteal layer- attached to inner skull
surface
meningeal layer- outer most covering and continues as dura mater of spinal cord
T/F: the dura mater is fused in most areas except for 3 areas due to dural sinuses open to collect
venous blood - answer✔true
T/F: arachnoid villa protrude through dura mater - answer✔true
What are the 4 ventricles that contain CSF? - answer✔2 lateral ventricles, diencephalon
ventricle, and ventricle in subarachnoid space and central cord of spinal cord
How is CSF formed? What is it composed of? - answer✔formed from blood by the choroid
plexus, a set of capillary clusters originating from the pia mater that are found in each ventricle
composed of less protein, more vitamin C, and different in content than plasma (essentially
ultrafiltrate of plasma)
T/F: CSF is constantly absorbed and produced - answer✔true
What substances does the blood brain barrier allow through? What does it not allow through? -
answer✔allows nutrients like water, glucose, and essential amino acids, anything lipid soluble
does not allow metabolic waste or nonessential amino acids
T/F: Lipid soluble molecules like fats, respiratory gases, and other fat soluble molecules can pass
through the BBB freely - answer✔true
T/F: alcohol, nicotine, and heroin can pass through the BBB easily - answer✔true- they are all
fat soluble
T/F: permeability of the BBB changes throughout the life span; more permeable at birth -
answer✔true
ex: hyperbilirubinemia in infants can suffer brain damage, but is prevented in crossing in adults
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Where does the spinal cord start and end? - answer✔continuation from brain stem
starts from foramen magnum at base of skull and ends at the level of L1 or L2
What is the cauda equina? - answer✔collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of spinal cord;
relays afferent sensory info to the brain and efferent somatic info from brain
What is the knee jerk response? - answer✔stretch of patellar tendon and extension of the lower
limb
What is the flexor-withdrawal response? - answer✔stimulation by painful stimuli to cause
removal of a limb from that stimulus; accompanied usually by activation of muscles on the
alternating side to prepare for shift in weight distribution
What spinal reflexes control proprioception? - answer✔myotatic and stretch reflexes
proprioception- position of the body in space
What are spinal nerves? How many are there? - answer✔32 or more pairs of spinal nerve
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
2 or more coccygeal nerves
T/F: the newborn S.C. is different from the adult S.C. - answer✔true- newborn s.c ends at L2/L3
while adult s.c. ends at L1
T/F: you would perform spinal taps at the level of L3/L4 for adults - answer✔true
Where are the four nerve networks/plexuses that stem into the PNS? - answer✔cervical (C1-C5)
brachial (C5-TI)
lumbar (L1-L4)
sacral (L4-S5)
How does sensory inputs enter the S.C. and exit to the brain? - answer✔sensory neurons enter
the dorsal root/posterior horns and cell bodies are found in dorsal root ganglion
How does motor inputs enter the S..C and exit to the brain? - answer✔motor neurons enter the
ventral root/anterior horns and cell bodies are found in the ventral root/anterior horns
Exam 2 CHSO 404 Exam Questions With
100% Verified Answers.
What are parts of the CNS? - answer✔brain and spinal cord
What are parts of the PNS? - answer✔afferent sensory, efferent motor, somatic voluntary, and
autonomic involuntary
What are the two neural cells and what are their functions? - answer✔neurons- functional cells of
the nervous system that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons
schwann cells- supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facilitate rapid conduction of
an action potential
How do nerve cells communicate? - answer✔action potentials- ionic changes that allow
conduction of info along with length of the axon
synaptic transmission- process by which a neuron conveys info to another cell such as a neuron,
muscle cell, or gland
neurotransmitter- key to synaptic transmission; chemical signal released from the presynaptic
neuron that interacts with the post synaptic cell
What are the 5 parts of the cerebral hemisphere? (Cerebrum) - answer✔frontal lobe, parietal
lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe limbic system
What does the frontal lobe control? - answer✔primary motor cortex for precise movement of
hands and feet, phonation (speech), premotor and motor association cortex for planning of
complex learned movement patterns
What does the parietal lobe do? - answer✔primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory
association cortex for perceiving the meaningfulness of integrated sensory inputs
What does the temporal lobe do? - answer✔primary auditory cortex important for discrimination
of sounds entering opposite ears, memory associated with certain sound patterns, long term
memory and recall
What does the occipital lobe do? - answer✔primary visual cortex, visual association cortex to
interpret meaning of visual experiences
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
What does the limbic system do? - answer✔within cerebrum, governs emotional experiences and
controls emotion-related behavior
What is the diencephalon? What two things compose of this area? - answer✔superior to the brain
stem and is enclosed by the cereal hemisphere (the thalamus and hypothalamus)
What does the thalamus do? - answer✔relay station for info to and from the cerebral cortex,
relays sensory info to the sensory cortex, relays critical info regarding motor activities to and
from regions of the motor cortex, allows for crud recognition of pleasant and unpleasant, and
some auditory experiences
What does the hypothalamus do? - answer✔master gland that controls most homeostatic
processes in the body- regulates water balance, hunger-satiety, water balance, overall
metabolism, and body temperature
also controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and regulates pituitary glands
What 2 things make up the brain stem? What does this part of the area control? -
answer✔contains pons and medulla
regulates basic and essential functions like respiratory control center, cardiovascular control
center, and vasomotor center
also controls swallowing, vomiting, micturition, salivation, pupillary diameter, consciousness,
sleep-wake cycle
What is the reticular formation or reticular activating system (RAS)? - answer✔parts of the brain
stem form this structure
it extends the length of the brain stem and governs these essential functions of the brain stem
(specifically consciousness)
What does the cerebellum do? What two hemispheres does it have? Where is it located in regards
to cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres? - answer✔governs skeletal muscle activity- running, typing,
talking, balance, and equilibrium
contains two hemispheres- outer region of gray matter and inner region of white matter
dorsally under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
What are the 4 things that protect the CNS? Describe each. - answer✔bone- skull and vertebral
column
meninges- 3 connective tissue membranes
cerebrospinal fluid- water (plasma-like) broth in ventricles that provides a watery cushion
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
the blood brain barrier- separation between blood and neurons; relatively impermeable
capillaries to prevent access to brain
What are the 3 connective tissues in the meninges? - answer✔dura mater- double layer
membrane surrounding the brain; outer most layer- closest to skull
arachnoid mater- threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF); in between
dura and pia mater
pia mater- clings tightly to the surface of brain and spinal cord; inner most layer
What are the two layers in the dura mater? - answer✔periosteal layer- attached to inner skull
surface
meningeal layer- outer most covering and continues as dura mater of spinal cord
T/F: the dura mater is fused in most areas except for 3 areas due to dural sinuses open to collect
venous blood - answer✔true
T/F: arachnoid villa protrude through dura mater - answer✔true
What are the 4 ventricles that contain CSF? - answer✔2 lateral ventricles, diencephalon
ventricle, and ventricle in subarachnoid space and central cord of spinal cord
How is CSF formed? What is it composed of? - answer✔formed from blood by the choroid
plexus, a set of capillary clusters originating from the pia mater that are found in each ventricle
composed of less protein, more vitamin C, and different in content than plasma (essentially
ultrafiltrate of plasma)
T/F: CSF is constantly absorbed and produced - answer✔true
What substances does the blood brain barrier allow through? What does it not allow through? -
answer✔allows nutrients like water, glucose, and essential amino acids, anything lipid soluble
does not allow metabolic waste or nonessential amino acids
T/F: Lipid soluble molecules like fats, respiratory gases, and other fat soluble molecules can pass
through the BBB freely - answer✔true
T/F: alcohol, nicotine, and heroin can pass through the BBB easily - answer✔true- they are all
fat soluble
T/F: permeability of the BBB changes throughout the life span; more permeable at birth -
answer✔true
ex: hyperbilirubinemia in infants can suffer brain damage, but is prevented in crossing in adults
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Where does the spinal cord start and end? - answer✔continuation from brain stem
starts from foramen magnum at base of skull and ends at the level of L1 or L2
What is the cauda equina? - answer✔collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of spinal cord;
relays afferent sensory info to the brain and efferent somatic info from brain
What is the knee jerk response? - answer✔stretch of patellar tendon and extension of the lower
limb
What is the flexor-withdrawal response? - answer✔stimulation by painful stimuli to cause
removal of a limb from that stimulus; accompanied usually by activation of muscles on the
alternating side to prepare for shift in weight distribution
What spinal reflexes control proprioception? - answer✔myotatic and stretch reflexes
proprioception- position of the body in space
What are spinal nerves? How many are there? - answer✔32 or more pairs of spinal nerve
8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
2 or more coccygeal nerves
T/F: the newborn S.C. is different from the adult S.C. - answer✔true- newborn s.c ends at L2/L3
while adult s.c. ends at L1
T/F: you would perform spinal taps at the level of L3/L4 for adults - answer✔true
Where are the four nerve networks/plexuses that stem into the PNS? - answer✔cervical (C1-C5)
brachial (C5-TI)
lumbar (L1-L4)
sacral (L4-S5)
How does sensory inputs enter the S.C. and exit to the brain? - answer✔sensory neurons enter
the dorsal root/posterior horns and cell bodies are found in dorsal root ganglion
How does motor inputs enter the S..C and exit to the brain? - answer✔motor neurons enter the
ventral root/anterior horns and cell bodies are found in the ventral root/anterior horns
