NURS 6501- ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 20222024 FORM
B/NURS ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Absolute polycythemia - ANSWER-excessive red blood cell production; a physiologic
response resulting from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic
hypoxia or as a symptom of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis - ANSWER-see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease) -
ANSWER-an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages muscle and nerve
cells throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome attributable
to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The buildup of glycogen
causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body and affects
various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver, and nervous
system.
Acne - ANSWER-a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest,
and back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells,
and bacteria.
Acne conglobata - ANSWER-severe cystic acne characterized by cystic lesions,
abscesses, communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does not
affect the face.
Acne rosacea - ANSWER-a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in which the middle
portion of the face appears red with small red lines caused by dilation of capillaries.
,Acne vulgaris - ANSWER-an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous follicles usually
occurring on the face, upper back, and chest that consists of blackheads, cysts,
papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne - ANSWER-open comedones caused by the enlargement and
dilation of a plug resulting from the accumulation of oil and dead skin cells inside the
hair follicle and by closed comedones that form if the hair follicle pore remains closed;
they appear as a tiny, sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia - ANSWER-see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency - ANSWER-a condition characterized by decreased or absent
production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, resulting in a
reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight loss, lack of
appetite, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis - ANSWER-a condition in which a premalignant small, reddish, rough
spot appears on skin chronically exposed to the sun.
Acute chest syndrome - ANSWER-a syndrome occurring in association with sickle cell
disease defined by a new infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with one or more
new symptoms: fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It occurs most
commonly in the 2- to 4-year-old age group and declines in incidence with age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) - ANSWER-a massive dilation of
the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and immobilized older adults. It is
characterized by significant dilation of the cecum and absence of mechanical
obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic motor input or decreased
parasympathetic motor input.
Acute confusional state (ACS) - ANSWER-a form of delirium caused by interference
with the metabolic or other biochemical processes essential for normal brain
functioning. Symptoms may include disturbances in cognition and levels of awareness,
short-term memory deficit, retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and disturbances in
orientation, accompanied by restlessness, apprehension, irritability, and apathy. The
condition may be associated with an acute physiologic state, delirium, toxic psychosis,
or acute brain syndrome.
Acute coronary syndrome - ANSWER-a classification encompassing clinical
presentations ranging from unstable angina through infarction.
Acute cystitis - ANSWER-an inflammation of the bladder, which is the most common
site of urinary tract infection.
,Acute epiglottitis - ANSWER-an infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and
surrounding tissues and may lead to upper airway blockage.
Acute gastritis - ANSWER-an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa, usually
caused by injury of the protective mucosal barrier by drugs, chemicals, or Helicobacter
pylori infection.
Acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute gouty arthritis - ANSWER-an abrupt pain of a joint, most often the great toe,
which is swollen, hot, and shiny secondary to an attack of gout.
Acute idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) - ANSWER-see
Thrombocytopenia.
Acute leukemia - ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute liver failure (fulminant liver failure) - ANSWER-a rare clinical syndrome resulting
from severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or
cirrhosis. Acetaminophen overdose is the leading cause.
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ANSWER-a
spectrum of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) - ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute mesenteric ischemia - ANSWER-caused by acute occlusion of the mesenteric
artery that results in a significant reduction in mucosal blood flow to the large and small
intestines. Aortic aneurysms, arterial thrombi, or emboli can be causes.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) - ANSWER-the presence of a combination of
nonspecific symptoms that appear within a few hours after ascent to altitude, and may
include headache, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, weakness, lassitude, dizziness,
and difficulty sleeping.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute orthostatic hypotension - ANSWER-an abnormal decrease in blood pressure
when a person stands. This may lead to fainting.
Acute otitis media (AOM) - ANSWER-an infection of the middle ear space, behind the
eardrum (tympanic membrane); characterized by pain, dizziness, and partial loss of
hearing.
, Acute pancreatitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the pancreas resulting from obstruction
to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct
obstruction (e.g., gallstones). Usually a mild disease and resolves spontaneously.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) - ANSWER-see
Glomerulonephritis.
Acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER-acute inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis
characterized by small cortical abscesses and yellowish streaks in the medulla resulting
from the accumulation of pus in the collecting tubules and interstitial tissue.
Acute renal failure (acute renal injury) - ANSWER-a sudden decline in kidney function
with a decrease in glomerular filtration and accumulation of nitrogenous waste products
in the blood as demonstrated by an elevation in plasma creatinine and blood urea
nitrogen levels.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ANSWER-capillaries or alveoli of the
lungs are damaged as a result of infection, injury, blood loss, or inhalation injury causing
fluid to leak from the capillaries into the alveoli, resulting in pulmonary edema and
collapse of some alveoli.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - ANSWER-the kidney undergoes ischemic or nephrotoxic
injury because of severe hypotension, aminoglycosides, or radiocontrast agents and
produces granular and epithelial cell casts in urine.
Acute urethral syndrome - ANSWER-the bladder is irritated and the typical symptoms of
a urinary tract infection are present in the absence of an infection.
Adenocarcinoma - ANSWER-tumor arising from epithelial cells with a glandular or
glandlike pattern.
Adenocystic tumor (cylindroma) - ANSWER-rare bronchial gland tumors that arise
predominantly in the trachea or large airways and cause obstruction.
Adenomyosis - ANSWER-the presence of islands of endometrial glands surrounded by
benign endometrial stroma within the uterine myometrium.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency - ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
Adrenarche - ANSWER-growth of axillary and pubic hair and other physiologic changes
induced by hyperactivity of the suprarenal cortex and adrenocortical secretion of
androgenic hormones in early puberty.
Agammaglobulinemia - ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
Ageusia - ANSWER-loss of the sense of taste.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 20222024 FORM
B/NURS ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Absolute polycythemia - ANSWER-excessive red blood cell production; a physiologic
response resulting from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic
hypoxia or as a symptom of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis - ANSWER-see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease) -
ANSWER-an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages muscle and nerve
cells throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome attributable
to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The buildup of glycogen
causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body and affects
various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver, and nervous
system.
Acne - ANSWER-a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest,
and back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells,
and bacteria.
Acne conglobata - ANSWER-severe cystic acne characterized by cystic lesions,
abscesses, communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does not
affect the face.
Acne rosacea - ANSWER-a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in which the middle
portion of the face appears red with small red lines caused by dilation of capillaries.
,Acne vulgaris - ANSWER-an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous follicles usually
occurring on the face, upper back, and chest that consists of blackheads, cysts,
papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne - ANSWER-open comedones caused by the enlargement and
dilation of a plug resulting from the accumulation of oil and dead skin cells inside the
hair follicle and by closed comedones that form if the hair follicle pore remains closed;
they appear as a tiny, sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia - ANSWER-see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency - ANSWER-a condition characterized by decreased or absent
production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, resulting in a
reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight loss, lack of
appetite, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis - ANSWER-a condition in which a premalignant small, reddish, rough
spot appears on skin chronically exposed to the sun.
Acute chest syndrome - ANSWER-a syndrome occurring in association with sickle cell
disease defined by a new infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with one or more
new symptoms: fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It occurs most
commonly in the 2- to 4-year-old age group and declines in incidence with age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) - ANSWER-a massive dilation of
the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and immobilized older adults. It is
characterized by significant dilation of the cecum and absence of mechanical
obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic motor input or decreased
parasympathetic motor input.
Acute confusional state (ACS) - ANSWER-a form of delirium caused by interference
with the metabolic or other biochemical processes essential for normal brain
functioning. Symptoms may include disturbances in cognition and levels of awareness,
short-term memory deficit, retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and disturbances in
orientation, accompanied by restlessness, apprehension, irritability, and apathy. The
condition may be associated with an acute physiologic state, delirium, toxic psychosis,
or acute brain syndrome.
Acute coronary syndrome - ANSWER-a classification encompassing clinical
presentations ranging from unstable angina through infarction.
Acute cystitis - ANSWER-an inflammation of the bladder, which is the most common
site of urinary tract infection.
,Acute epiglottitis - ANSWER-an infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and
surrounding tissues and may lead to upper airway blockage.
Acute gastritis - ANSWER-an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa, usually
caused by injury of the protective mucosal barrier by drugs, chemicals, or Helicobacter
pylori infection.
Acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute gouty arthritis - ANSWER-an abrupt pain of a joint, most often the great toe,
which is swollen, hot, and shiny secondary to an attack of gout.
Acute idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) - ANSWER-see
Thrombocytopenia.
Acute leukemia - ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute liver failure (fulminant liver failure) - ANSWER-a rare clinical syndrome resulting
from severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or
cirrhosis. Acetaminophen overdose is the leading cause.
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ANSWER-a
spectrum of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) - ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute mesenteric ischemia - ANSWER-caused by acute occlusion of the mesenteric
artery that results in a significant reduction in mucosal blood flow to the large and small
intestines. Aortic aneurysms, arterial thrombi, or emboli can be causes.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) - ANSWER-the presence of a combination of
nonspecific symptoms that appear within a few hours after ascent to altitude, and may
include headache, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, weakness, lassitude, dizziness,
and difficulty sleeping.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute orthostatic hypotension - ANSWER-an abnormal decrease in blood pressure
when a person stands. This may lead to fainting.
Acute otitis media (AOM) - ANSWER-an infection of the middle ear space, behind the
eardrum (tympanic membrane); characterized by pain, dizziness, and partial loss of
hearing.
, Acute pancreatitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the pancreas resulting from obstruction
to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct
obstruction (e.g., gallstones). Usually a mild disease and resolves spontaneously.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) - ANSWER-see
Glomerulonephritis.
Acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER-acute inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis
characterized by small cortical abscesses and yellowish streaks in the medulla resulting
from the accumulation of pus in the collecting tubules and interstitial tissue.
Acute renal failure (acute renal injury) - ANSWER-a sudden decline in kidney function
with a decrease in glomerular filtration and accumulation of nitrogenous waste products
in the blood as demonstrated by an elevation in plasma creatinine and blood urea
nitrogen levels.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ANSWER-capillaries or alveoli of the
lungs are damaged as a result of infection, injury, blood loss, or inhalation injury causing
fluid to leak from the capillaries into the alveoli, resulting in pulmonary edema and
collapse of some alveoli.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - ANSWER-the kidney undergoes ischemic or nephrotoxic
injury because of severe hypotension, aminoglycosides, or radiocontrast agents and
produces granular and epithelial cell casts in urine.
Acute urethral syndrome - ANSWER-the bladder is irritated and the typical symptoms of
a urinary tract infection are present in the absence of an infection.
Adenocarcinoma - ANSWER-tumor arising from epithelial cells with a glandular or
glandlike pattern.
Adenocystic tumor (cylindroma) - ANSWER-rare bronchial gland tumors that arise
predominantly in the trachea or large airways and cause obstruction.
Adenomyosis - ANSWER-the presence of islands of endometrial glands surrounded by
benign endometrial stroma within the uterine myometrium.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency - ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
Adrenarche - ANSWER-growth of axillary and pubic hair and other physiologic changes
induced by hyperactivity of the suprarenal cortex and adrenocortical secretion of
androgenic hormones in early puberty.
Agammaglobulinemia - ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
Ageusia - ANSWER-loss of the sense of taste.
