BNNS502 Exam 2 With Complete
Solution
describe the location and function of the scrotum
- state the specific function of the cremaster & dartos muscles - Answer location -
outside of the pelvic cavity at the root of the penis
function - regulate the temperature of the testes
cremaster - is a muscle that pulls testes closer to the pelvic floor (to the warmth of the
body) in cold conditions
dartos muscles - are muscles that contracts & wrinkles the scrotum (decreasing surface
area for heat loss) in cold conditions
state the 3 functions of the Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells - Answer 1. supports & provides
nutrients for cells while they undergo meiosis & develop into sperm
2. produce testicular fluid for transport of sperm
3. control release of sperm into lumen of the seminiferous tubule
define spermatogenesis (include the specific cells) - Answer definition - the formation of
sperm by meiosis
spermatogenic cells - produce sperm cells
sustentacular cells - nourish developing sperm
interstitial cells - secrete testosterone
describe the specific functions of the acrosome, mitochondria & tail of the sperm cell -
Answer acrosome - cap-like vesicle containing enzymes to help sperm penetrate the
secondary oocyte
midpiece - contains mitochondria which provide energy so the tail can propel the sperm
tail - propels the sperm
name the hormones involved in spermatogenesis beginning from the hypothalamus
- state 3 functions of testosterone - Answer hypothalamus - increases secretion of GnRH
GnRH - stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH & FSH
,LH - stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
FSH - stimulates spermatogenesis
testosterone - controls the growth, development, functioning, & maintenance of sex
organs, stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics during puberty,
& stimulates sperm maturation, bone growth, & protein synthesis
describe the location of and 3 functions of the epididymis - Answer 1. site for sperm to
mature & gain mobility
2. stores sperm
3. propels sperm into ductus deferens
state the function of the Ductus (vas) deferens) - Answer transports sperm from the
epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis
name the structures located in the spermatic cord - Answer testicular blood vessels,
autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, ductus deferens, & cremaster muscle
describe the location and state the function of; the seminal vesicles, the ejaculatory
duct, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands - Answer seminal vesicles - along
the back of the bladder, add alkaline viscous fluid to sperm
ejaculatory duct - superior aspect of the prostate gland, ejects sperm & seminal vesicle
secretions into the urethra
prostate gland - encircles urethra & just inferior to the urinary bladder, contracts during
ejaculation squeezing glandular secretions into the urethra
bulbourethral glands - beneath the prostate gland & beginning of the penis, produces an
alkaline mucus that drains into the urethra & lubricates the male urethra
describe the function of the urethra
- explain why a male doesn't urinate during ejaculation - Answer function - carries urine
out of the bladder & propels sperm
during ejaculation a smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes
preventing urine from entering the urethra & preventing semen entering the urinary
bladder
describe the pathway of sperm from site of production to exit from the body (name all
the structures that the sperm (and semen) pass through) - Answer once leaving the
testes, epididymis, ductus deferens which then joins with the seminal vesicle to form the
ejaculatory duct, urethra
describe two age related changes that occur in older men - Answer 1. testosterone
levels decrease resulting in decreased muscular strength, fewer viable sperm &
, decreased sexual desire
2. decrease in hormone production leads to decrease in quantity & quality of sperm
describe the changes to the reproductive system that occur with the onset of puberty -
Answer - scrotum & testes grow larger
- penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland grow
- development of secondary sex characteristics
revise the content & functions of the nucleus - Answer - functions; control cellular
structure, directs cellular activities, and produces ribosomes
- contains; nucleoli and genes
define the terms, alleles, homozygous alleles & heterozygous alleles - Answer - alleles;
alternative versions of a gene
- homozygous alleles; identical information for a trait
- heterozygous alleles; different information for a trait
name & describe the two different types of cell division
- include the end of each, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of
where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs (e.g. mitosis &
meiosis) - Answer - somatic cell division; aim is to replicate dead or injured cells or add
new cells during tissue growth, results in two genetically identical daughter cells,
occurs via mitosis & cytokinesis
- reproductive cell division; aim is to produce the gamete cells (sperm & oocyte)
required for the next generation, results in four genetically variable daughter cells,
occurs via meiosis
explain how genetic variation occurs - Answer crossing over during meiosis 1 increases
genetic variation by exchanging of genes between homologous chromosome
define cancer and the terms malignant & benign tumours - Answer cancer - group of
diseases that results from uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation
malignant - are tumours that undergo metastases (spread of cancerous cells to other
parts of the body)
benign - are tumours that don't metastases
name the type of cancer that arises from the following tissues; epithelial, melanocytes,
lymphatic, and leukocytes - Answer carcinoma - arises from epithelial tissue
melanoma - arises from melanocytes
Solution
describe the location and function of the scrotum
- state the specific function of the cremaster & dartos muscles - Answer location -
outside of the pelvic cavity at the root of the penis
function - regulate the temperature of the testes
cremaster - is a muscle that pulls testes closer to the pelvic floor (to the warmth of the
body) in cold conditions
dartos muscles - are muscles that contracts & wrinkles the scrotum (decreasing surface
area for heat loss) in cold conditions
state the 3 functions of the Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells - Answer 1. supports & provides
nutrients for cells while they undergo meiosis & develop into sperm
2. produce testicular fluid for transport of sperm
3. control release of sperm into lumen of the seminiferous tubule
define spermatogenesis (include the specific cells) - Answer definition - the formation of
sperm by meiosis
spermatogenic cells - produce sperm cells
sustentacular cells - nourish developing sperm
interstitial cells - secrete testosterone
describe the specific functions of the acrosome, mitochondria & tail of the sperm cell -
Answer acrosome - cap-like vesicle containing enzymes to help sperm penetrate the
secondary oocyte
midpiece - contains mitochondria which provide energy so the tail can propel the sperm
tail - propels the sperm
name the hormones involved in spermatogenesis beginning from the hypothalamus
- state 3 functions of testosterone - Answer hypothalamus - increases secretion of GnRH
GnRH - stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH & FSH
,LH - stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
FSH - stimulates spermatogenesis
testosterone - controls the growth, development, functioning, & maintenance of sex
organs, stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics during puberty,
& stimulates sperm maturation, bone growth, & protein synthesis
describe the location of and 3 functions of the epididymis - Answer 1. site for sperm to
mature & gain mobility
2. stores sperm
3. propels sperm into ductus deferens
state the function of the Ductus (vas) deferens) - Answer transports sperm from the
epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis
name the structures located in the spermatic cord - Answer testicular blood vessels,
autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, ductus deferens, & cremaster muscle
describe the location and state the function of; the seminal vesicles, the ejaculatory
duct, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands - Answer seminal vesicles - along
the back of the bladder, add alkaline viscous fluid to sperm
ejaculatory duct - superior aspect of the prostate gland, ejects sperm & seminal vesicle
secretions into the urethra
prostate gland - encircles urethra & just inferior to the urinary bladder, contracts during
ejaculation squeezing glandular secretions into the urethra
bulbourethral glands - beneath the prostate gland & beginning of the penis, produces an
alkaline mucus that drains into the urethra & lubricates the male urethra
describe the function of the urethra
- explain why a male doesn't urinate during ejaculation - Answer function - carries urine
out of the bladder & propels sperm
during ejaculation a smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes
preventing urine from entering the urethra & preventing semen entering the urinary
bladder
describe the pathway of sperm from site of production to exit from the body (name all
the structures that the sperm (and semen) pass through) - Answer once leaving the
testes, epididymis, ductus deferens which then joins with the seminal vesicle to form the
ejaculatory duct, urethra
describe two age related changes that occur in older men - Answer 1. testosterone
levels decrease resulting in decreased muscular strength, fewer viable sperm &
, decreased sexual desire
2. decrease in hormone production leads to decrease in quantity & quality of sperm
describe the changes to the reproductive system that occur with the onset of puberty -
Answer - scrotum & testes grow larger
- penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland grow
- development of secondary sex characteristics
revise the content & functions of the nucleus - Answer - functions; control cellular
structure, directs cellular activities, and produces ribosomes
- contains; nucleoli and genes
define the terms, alleles, homozygous alleles & heterozygous alleles - Answer - alleles;
alternative versions of a gene
- homozygous alleles; identical information for a trait
- heterozygous alleles; different information for a trait
name & describe the two different types of cell division
- include the end of each, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of
where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs (e.g. mitosis &
meiosis) - Answer - somatic cell division; aim is to replicate dead or injured cells or add
new cells during tissue growth, results in two genetically identical daughter cells,
occurs via mitosis & cytokinesis
- reproductive cell division; aim is to produce the gamete cells (sperm & oocyte)
required for the next generation, results in four genetically variable daughter cells,
occurs via meiosis
explain how genetic variation occurs - Answer crossing over during meiosis 1 increases
genetic variation by exchanging of genes between homologous chromosome
define cancer and the terms malignant & benign tumours - Answer cancer - group of
diseases that results from uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation
malignant - are tumours that undergo metastases (spread of cancerous cells to other
parts of the body)
benign - are tumours that don't metastases
name the type of cancer that arises from the following tissues; epithelial, melanocytes,
lymphatic, and leukocytes - Answer carcinoma - arises from epithelial tissue
melanoma - arises from melanocytes
