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STUDENT STUDY GUIDE for APHY 101
The following is a list of all the main concepts that you need to know to succeed on the Anatomy
and Physiology 101 final exam. This is a guide to help you focus your studies.
Chapter 1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function
2. What are the levels of organization and define each.
a. Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
b. Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
c. Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
d. Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
e. Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
f. Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human)
3. What are the characteristics of life and define each.
a. All of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life:
b. Movement - Change in position of the body or of abody
part; motion of an internal organ
c. Digestion - Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be
absorbed and used
d. Responsiveness - Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
e. Absorption - Passage of substances through membranes and into bodyfluids
f. Growth - Increase in body size without change inshape
g. Circulation - Movement of substances in body fluids
h. Reproduction - Production of new organisms and newcells
i. Assimilation - Changing of absorbed substances into
different chemical forms
j. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon
dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not useoxygen in
respiration)
k. Excretion-Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
4. What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?
Water: most abundant substance in body, environment for metabolic
processes, required for transport of substances, regulation of body
temperature
Food: provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw
materials for building living tissue.
Oxygen: one-fifth of air, used to release energy from nutrients
Heat: form of energy in our environment helps maintain body
temperature, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure: application of force on an object, atmospheric pressure is
important for breathing, hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
5. Define homeostasis.
, Maintaining a stable internal environment
6. What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environmentand correct them as
needed. There are 3 parts:
i. Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli
ii. Control center: decision maker that maintains the set point
iii. Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center, andcaused
the necessary change in the internal environment.
Chapter 2 – Chemical Basis of Life
1. Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter?
a. Matter: anything that takes up space & composed of elements: solids,liquids,
and gases are matter
b. Elements: simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties.
There are 98 naturally occurring elements
c. Atoms: smallest particles of an element that have properties of thatelement
2. What is the structure of an atom?
Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus
3. Define nucleus, proton, neutron and electron. What charges do each of these particles have?
I. Proton (+) carries a single positive charge
II. Neutron (0) carries no electrical charge
III. Electron (-) carries a single negative charge
IV. .Nucleus: central part of atom, composed of protons and neutrons, electrons move
around the nucleus
4. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? What are the differences among the three?
a. Covalent: strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons
b. Ionic: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom. The
attraction between a cation and an anion forms a very strong bond between the ions
c. Hydrogen: a weak attraction between slightly positive (H) end of one polar molecule
and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule, formed between
adjacent water molecules, important for protein and nucleic acid structure
5. Define synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
a.
b. Decomposition Reaction: chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical
c. Exchange Reaction: chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB + CD
AC BD
d. Reversible Reaction: the products can change back to the reactants A + B
6. What is a reactant? a product?
a. Reactants are the starting materials of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions, or molecules
b. Products are substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
7. Define catalyst.
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction/ molecules that influence the rates
of chemical reactions, but are not consumed in the process
8. What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
, The polarity of water dissociates the salts in the internal environment and Na+ Cl- ions are
released
9. What is an acid? a base?
a) Acids: electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water
b) Base: substances that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions
10. What is the pH scale? What ions are involved in the pH scale?
The pH scale is used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is or indicates
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
11. What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
a) Dehydration synthesis: anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the
equivalent of a water molecule
b) Hydrolysis: Enzymatically adding parts of a water molecule to split a bond
12. What are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?
a) Carbs: organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
b) Lipids: Group of organic compounds that includes triglycerides(fats), phospholipids, and
steroids
c) Proteins: nitrogen containing organic compound composed of many bonded amino acid
molecules
d) Nucleic acids: a molecule that is composed of nucleotides; DNA or RNA
14. Explain the structure of a triglyceride, phospholipid and steroid molecule. What are the
functions of each of these molecules?
15. What is an amino acid?
Building blocks of proteins
16. What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
17. What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
a) DNA: Double stranded (sugar deoxyribonucleic acid) info instructs cell to synthesize
certain proteins. (A-T-C-G)
b) RNA: Single stranded, (sugar ribonucleic acid) copies and transfers info from DNA to
cytoplasm. (A-U-C-G)
Chapter 3 – Cells
1. Describe these parts of a cell: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cytosol andorganelles.
a. Cell membrane: selective permeable (regulates what enters and leavesthe cell)
b. Nucleus: dense core consisting of protons, neutrons, and DNA
c. Cytoplasm: fluid that fills the cell
d. Cytosol: 52-70% water, fluid portion of cytoplasm
e. Organelles: tiny, solid structures with specific functions
2. What are the functions of the cell membrane?
a. It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protectionand support
3. What is the structure of the cell membrane?
a. Phospholipid bilayer made with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
4. What are the primary functions of each of these organelles: ribosome, smooth ER, rough ER,
Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisome, centrosome,cilia, flagella, vesicle.
a. Ribosome: composed of protein and RNA, free in cytoplasm or on RER,provide
STUDENT STUDY GUIDE for APHY 101
The following is a list of all the main concepts that you need to know to succeed on the Anatomy
and Physiology 101 final exam. This is a guide to help you focus your studies.
Chapter 1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function
2. What are the levels of organization and define each.
a. Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
b. Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
c. Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
d. Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
e. Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
f. Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human)
3. What are the characteristics of life and define each.
a. All of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life:
b. Movement - Change in position of the body or of abody
part; motion of an internal organ
c. Digestion - Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be
absorbed and used
d. Responsiveness - Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
e. Absorption - Passage of substances through membranes and into bodyfluids
f. Growth - Increase in body size without change inshape
g. Circulation - Movement of substances in body fluids
h. Reproduction - Production of new organisms and newcells
i. Assimilation - Changing of absorbed substances into
different chemical forms
j. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon
dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not useoxygen in
respiration)
k. Excretion-Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
4. What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?
Water: most abundant substance in body, environment for metabolic
processes, required for transport of substances, regulation of body
temperature
Food: provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw
materials for building living tissue.
Oxygen: one-fifth of air, used to release energy from nutrients
Heat: form of energy in our environment helps maintain body
temperature, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure: application of force on an object, atmospheric pressure is
important for breathing, hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
5. Define homeostasis.
, Maintaining a stable internal environment
6. What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environmentand correct them as
needed. There are 3 parts:
i. Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli
ii. Control center: decision maker that maintains the set point
iii. Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center, andcaused
the necessary change in the internal environment.
Chapter 2 – Chemical Basis of Life
1. Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter?
a. Matter: anything that takes up space & composed of elements: solids,liquids,
and gases are matter
b. Elements: simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties.
There are 98 naturally occurring elements
c. Atoms: smallest particles of an element that have properties of thatelement
2. What is the structure of an atom?
Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus
3. Define nucleus, proton, neutron and electron. What charges do each of these particles have?
I. Proton (+) carries a single positive charge
II. Neutron (0) carries no electrical charge
III. Electron (-) carries a single negative charge
IV. .Nucleus: central part of atom, composed of protons and neutrons, electrons move
around the nucleus
4. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? What are the differences among the three?
a. Covalent: strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons
b. Ionic: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom. The
attraction between a cation and an anion forms a very strong bond between the ions
c. Hydrogen: a weak attraction between slightly positive (H) end of one polar molecule
and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule, formed between
adjacent water molecules, important for protein and nucleic acid structure
5. Define synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
a.
b. Decomposition Reaction: chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical
c. Exchange Reaction: chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB + CD
AC BD
d. Reversible Reaction: the products can change back to the reactants A + B
6. What is a reactant? a product?
a. Reactants are the starting materials of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions, or molecules
b. Products are substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
7. Define catalyst.
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction/ molecules that influence the rates
of chemical reactions, but are not consumed in the process
8. What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
, The polarity of water dissociates the salts in the internal environment and Na+ Cl- ions are
released
9. What is an acid? a base?
a) Acids: electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water
b) Base: substances that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions
10. What is the pH scale? What ions are involved in the pH scale?
The pH scale is used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is or indicates
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
11. What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
a) Dehydration synthesis: anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the
equivalent of a water molecule
b) Hydrolysis: Enzymatically adding parts of a water molecule to split a bond
12. What are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?
a) Carbs: organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
b) Lipids: Group of organic compounds that includes triglycerides(fats), phospholipids, and
steroids
c) Proteins: nitrogen containing organic compound composed of many bonded amino acid
molecules
d) Nucleic acids: a molecule that is composed of nucleotides; DNA or RNA
14. Explain the structure of a triglyceride, phospholipid and steroid molecule. What are the
functions of each of these molecules?
15. What is an amino acid?
Building blocks of proteins
16. What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
17. What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
a) DNA: Double stranded (sugar deoxyribonucleic acid) info instructs cell to synthesize
certain proteins. (A-T-C-G)
b) RNA: Single stranded, (sugar ribonucleic acid) copies and transfers info from DNA to
cytoplasm. (A-U-C-G)
Chapter 3 – Cells
1. Describe these parts of a cell: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cytosol andorganelles.
a. Cell membrane: selective permeable (regulates what enters and leavesthe cell)
b. Nucleus: dense core consisting of protons, neutrons, and DNA
c. Cytoplasm: fluid that fills the cell
d. Cytosol: 52-70% water, fluid portion of cytoplasm
e. Organelles: tiny, solid structures with specific functions
2. What are the functions of the cell membrane?
a. It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protectionand support
3. What is the structure of the cell membrane?
a. Phospholipid bilayer made with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
4. What are the primary functions of each of these organelles: ribosome, smooth ER, rough ER,
Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisome, centrosome,cilia, flagella, vesicle.
a. Ribosome: composed of protein and RNA, free in cytoplasm or on RER,provide
