ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
BY EXPERTS
b What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell injury? - Na-K pump fails to
remove intracellular Na+
The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is: - Oxidative stress.
Free radicals cause damage by: - Giving up on electron, which cause injury to the chemical bonds of the
cell membrane.
The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: - Swell because of the influx of
sodium chloride.
During cellular injury, when the membrane becomes damaged, what is the mechanism of cell injury? -
Loss of permeability.
When a person experiences a myocardial infarction, how long before anaerobic metabolism ceases? - 3-4
minutes.
Left calf being smaller than right calf when a cast is removed is an example of: - Atrophy.
A young female becomes agitated and apprehensive, and she eventually loses consciousness. At the
hospital ER, the following lab values were obtained:
-Plasma Sodium 137
-Plasma Potassium 5.0
-pH 7.53
-Serum Co2 22
-Plasma Bicarb 24
What is her immediate diagnosis? - Respiratory alkalosis.
What would not shift blood toward pH alkalosis?
-Hydrogen ion secretion into urine
-Exhalation of carbon dioxide
-All of the above would
-None of the above would - All of the above.
,A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What fluid imbalance does he have and why? - Isotonic fluid deficit. (Diarrhea x 3 weeks, orthostatic
hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulse and low BP on supine.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What imbalance is indicated based on lab results? What clinical manifestations are noted based on this
imbalance? - Hypokalemia. (Muscle weakness and constipation).
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-Hey may have had an acid-base imbalance. Which one? What part of the history would support this
imbalance? - Metabolic acidosis. History of diarrhea and muscle cramping.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-He was given IV isotonic NS with appropriate electrolytes in it. What was the purpose of administering
this particular fluid at the cellular level? - Isotonic sodium containing fluid will expand the extracellular
fluid volume which will correct the deficit.
True or false: Neutrophils are the predominate phagocyte of early inflammation. - True.
True or false: phagocytosis is the destruction of microorganisms and cellular debris. - True.
True or false: Adaptive immunity can only be passive. - False.
What tissue type is involved in coagulative necrosis? - Kidney, heart, adrenal glands.
What tissue type is involved in liquefactive necrosis? - Brain.
What tissue type is involved with caseous necrosis? - Lungs (ex: TB).
, What tissue type is involved in fatty necrosis? - Breasts, pancreas, abdomen.
True or false: The human neonate initially has poor production of IgG. - True.
Type 1 hypersensitivity - IgE mediated
Type 2 hypersensitivity - Tissue-specfic
Type 3 hypersensitivty - immune-complex mediated.
Type 4 hypersensitivity - Cell-mediated.
True or false: inappropriate immune responses against the host's own tissues is termed alloimmunity. -
False.
Colonization, invasion, multiplication and spread are: - the process of infection.
Clinical infection stages: - Incubation period, prodromal state, invasion period and convalescence.
Hallmark of most infectious disease: - fever.
Polycythemia vera is a chronic condition that occurs when there is a _______________ of RBCs, and
causes splenomegaly. - Overproduction.
True or false: Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn resulting from Rh incompatibility is more sever
than that stemming from ABO incompatibility. - True.
a 62 y/o woman comes into the clinic complaining of being tired. Upon exam, you notice she is pale, has
sores in the corners of her mouth accompanied by a red tongue and has concave funerals. Which type of
anemia do you suspect? - Iron deficiency.
Within how many hours should RhoGAM be given to an Rh-negative mother's exposure to Rh-positive
fetal blood? - 72.
What is a lifelong treatment plan for a patient who has had gastric bypass diagnosed with pernicious
anemia? - Vitamin B12.
Your patient has developed hemolytic anemia related to the antibiotic PCN. What is the first line of
therapy? - Corticosteroid administration.
What treatment prevents the development of kernicterius in an infant born with hemolytic newborn
disease (HDN)? - Replacement transfusion of new Rh-positive blood that is not contaminated with anti-
Rh antibodies.
What vitamin improves the absorption of oral iron in children and should be recommended as part of
the treatment for iron-deficiency anemia? - Vitamin C.
What is the fundamental physiologic mechanism of anemia? - Hypoxia.
What lab would demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment for a patient with pernicious anemia? -
Reticulocyte count.
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
BY EXPERTS
b What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell injury? - Na-K pump fails to
remove intracellular Na+
The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is: - Oxidative stress.
Free radicals cause damage by: - Giving up on electron, which cause injury to the chemical bonds of the
cell membrane.
The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: - Swell because of the influx of
sodium chloride.
During cellular injury, when the membrane becomes damaged, what is the mechanism of cell injury? -
Loss of permeability.
When a person experiences a myocardial infarction, how long before anaerobic metabolism ceases? - 3-4
minutes.
Left calf being smaller than right calf when a cast is removed is an example of: - Atrophy.
A young female becomes agitated and apprehensive, and she eventually loses consciousness. At the
hospital ER, the following lab values were obtained:
-Plasma Sodium 137
-Plasma Potassium 5.0
-pH 7.53
-Serum Co2 22
-Plasma Bicarb 24
What is her immediate diagnosis? - Respiratory alkalosis.
What would not shift blood toward pH alkalosis?
-Hydrogen ion secretion into urine
-Exhalation of carbon dioxide
-All of the above would
-None of the above would - All of the above.
,A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What fluid imbalance does he have and why? - Isotonic fluid deficit. (Diarrhea x 3 weeks, orthostatic
hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulse and low BP on supine.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-What imbalance is indicated based on lab results? What clinical manifestations are noted based on this
imbalance? - Hypokalemia. (Muscle weakness and constipation).
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-Hey may have had an acid-base imbalance. Which one? What part of the history would support this
imbalance? - Metabolic acidosis. History of diarrhea and muscle cramping.
A 76 y/o man was brought to an urgent care facility when he fell after sitting for prolonged period of
time. He is slow to answer questions, has muscle weakness and cramping, and constipated. He had
diarrhea for three weeks. On exam: neck veins flat, BP low in supine, HR 110, pulse weak + regular, resps
20 but deep. Labs: Na+ 142, K 2.8.
-He was given IV isotonic NS with appropriate electrolytes in it. What was the purpose of administering
this particular fluid at the cellular level? - Isotonic sodium containing fluid will expand the extracellular
fluid volume which will correct the deficit.
True or false: Neutrophils are the predominate phagocyte of early inflammation. - True.
True or false: phagocytosis is the destruction of microorganisms and cellular debris. - True.
True or false: Adaptive immunity can only be passive. - False.
What tissue type is involved in coagulative necrosis? - Kidney, heart, adrenal glands.
What tissue type is involved in liquefactive necrosis? - Brain.
What tissue type is involved with caseous necrosis? - Lungs (ex: TB).
, What tissue type is involved in fatty necrosis? - Breasts, pancreas, abdomen.
True or false: The human neonate initially has poor production of IgG. - True.
Type 1 hypersensitivity - IgE mediated
Type 2 hypersensitivity - Tissue-specfic
Type 3 hypersensitivty - immune-complex mediated.
Type 4 hypersensitivity - Cell-mediated.
True or false: inappropriate immune responses against the host's own tissues is termed alloimmunity. -
False.
Colonization, invasion, multiplication and spread are: - the process of infection.
Clinical infection stages: - Incubation period, prodromal state, invasion period and convalescence.
Hallmark of most infectious disease: - fever.
Polycythemia vera is a chronic condition that occurs when there is a _______________ of RBCs, and
causes splenomegaly. - Overproduction.
True or false: Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn resulting from Rh incompatibility is more sever
than that stemming from ABO incompatibility. - True.
a 62 y/o woman comes into the clinic complaining of being tired. Upon exam, you notice she is pale, has
sores in the corners of her mouth accompanied by a red tongue and has concave funerals. Which type of
anemia do you suspect? - Iron deficiency.
Within how many hours should RhoGAM be given to an Rh-negative mother's exposure to Rh-positive
fetal blood? - 72.
What is a lifelong treatment plan for a patient who has had gastric bypass diagnosed with pernicious
anemia? - Vitamin B12.
Your patient has developed hemolytic anemia related to the antibiotic PCN. What is the first line of
therapy? - Corticosteroid administration.
What treatment prevents the development of kernicterius in an infant born with hemolytic newborn
disease (HDN)? - Replacement transfusion of new Rh-positive blood that is not contaminated with anti-
Rh antibodies.
What vitamin improves the absorption of oral iron in children and should be recommended as part of
the treatment for iron-deficiency anemia? - Vitamin C.
What is the fundamental physiologic mechanism of anemia? - Hypoxia.
What lab would demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment for a patient with pernicious anemia? -
Reticulocyte count.
