GNRS 515 Patho Exam 1
Cellular Adaptation - ANSWER 1.Atrophy: decrease in cell size
2.Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
3.Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
4. Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
5.Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia): deranged cellular growth (size, shape, and organization)
Metaplasia - ANSWER Reversible replacement of one cell by another cell type
Bronchial metaplasia: (in smokers)
- normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells, are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells (no
mucus secretion, no cilia)
- Can be reversed
- Can be transformed into cancer
Barrett esophagus:
- normal squamous epithelial lining of the esophagus, is replaced by columnar epithelium (goblet
cells of the intestines)
- occurs as an adaptation to the chronic irritation of GERD
- predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma
Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia
A.True
B.False - ANSWER A.True
,Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation
A.True
B.False - ANSWER B.False
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together.
A.True
B.False - ANSWER B.False
A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar ciliated
epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is correctly told
that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking
A.True
B.False - ANSWER A.True
Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant.
A.True
B.False - ANSWER A.True
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.Hyperplasia
B.Metaplasia
C.Dysplasia
D.Anaplasia - ANSWER B.Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:
,A.compensatory hyperplasia
B.hormonal hyperplasia
C.hormonal anaplasia
D.hormonal dysplasia - ANSWER B.hormonal hyperplasia
When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?
A.They divide
B.They increase in size
C.They increase in number
D.They undergo metaplasia - ANSWER B.They increase in size
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an
example of hormonal:
A.hyperplasia.
B.dysplasia.
C.Hypertrophy
D.Anaplasia - ANSWER A.hyperplasia.
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
A.dysplasia.
B.pathologic dysplasia
C.Hyperplasia
D.pathologic hyperplasia - ANSWER D.pathologic hyperplasia
Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells
A.dysplasia
B.metaplasia
, C.compensatory hyperplasia
D.compensatory dysplasia - ANSWER C.compensatory hyperplasia
Manifestations of cellular injury - ANSWER Water
-Cause: Hypoxia, reduced ATP, increased intracellular Na
-Ex: Early in cell injury
Lipids
-Cause: Imbalance in production, utilization, or mobilization of lipids
-Ex: Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher disease, Fatty liver
Carbohydrates
-Cause: Mucopolysaccharides accumulation in RECs, and fibroblasts, Glycogen accumulates in cells of
diabetic patients or genetically induced
-Ex: Mucopolysaccharidosis, Glycogen storage disease
Proteins
-Cause: Accumulation in B lymphocytes
-Ex: Multiple myeloma
Pigments
-Cause: Melanin in excess in skin cells, Bilirubin in excess causes jaundice
-Ex: Addison disease, Malignant melanoma, Liver & blood disorders
Calcium
-Cause: Dystrophic calcification, metastatic calcification
-Ex: Atherosclerosis, hyperparathyroidism
Urate
-Cause: Deposition of sodium urate crystals
-Ex: Gout
Cellular Adaptation - ANSWER 1.Atrophy: decrease in cell size
2.Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
3.Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
4. Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
5.Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia): deranged cellular growth (size, shape, and organization)
Metaplasia - ANSWER Reversible replacement of one cell by another cell type
Bronchial metaplasia: (in smokers)
- normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells, are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells (no
mucus secretion, no cilia)
- Can be reversed
- Can be transformed into cancer
Barrett esophagus:
- normal squamous epithelial lining of the esophagus, is replaced by columnar epithelium (goblet
cells of the intestines)
- occurs as an adaptation to the chronic irritation of GERD
- predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma
Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia
A.True
B.False - ANSWER A.True
,Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation
A.True
B.False - ANSWER B.False
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together.
A.True
B.False - ANSWER B.False
A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar ciliated
epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is correctly told
that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking
A.True
B.False - ANSWER A.True
Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant.
A.True
B.False - ANSWER A.True
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.Hyperplasia
B.Metaplasia
C.Dysplasia
D.Anaplasia - ANSWER B.Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:
,A.compensatory hyperplasia
B.hormonal hyperplasia
C.hormonal anaplasia
D.hormonal dysplasia - ANSWER B.hormonal hyperplasia
When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?
A.They divide
B.They increase in size
C.They increase in number
D.They undergo metaplasia - ANSWER B.They increase in size
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an
example of hormonal:
A.hyperplasia.
B.dysplasia.
C.Hypertrophy
D.Anaplasia - ANSWER A.hyperplasia.
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
A.dysplasia.
B.pathologic dysplasia
C.Hyperplasia
D.pathologic hyperplasia - ANSWER D.pathologic hyperplasia
Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells
A.dysplasia
B.metaplasia
, C.compensatory hyperplasia
D.compensatory dysplasia - ANSWER C.compensatory hyperplasia
Manifestations of cellular injury - ANSWER Water
-Cause: Hypoxia, reduced ATP, increased intracellular Na
-Ex: Early in cell injury
Lipids
-Cause: Imbalance in production, utilization, or mobilization of lipids
-Ex: Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher disease, Fatty liver
Carbohydrates
-Cause: Mucopolysaccharides accumulation in RECs, and fibroblasts, Glycogen accumulates in cells of
diabetic patients or genetically induced
-Ex: Mucopolysaccharidosis, Glycogen storage disease
Proteins
-Cause: Accumulation in B lymphocytes
-Ex: Multiple myeloma
Pigments
-Cause: Melanin in excess in skin cells, Bilirubin in excess causes jaundice
-Ex: Addison disease, Malignant melanoma, Liver & blood disorders
Calcium
-Cause: Dystrophic calcification, metastatic calcification
-Ex: Atherosclerosis, hyperparathyroidism
Urate
-Cause: Deposition of sodium urate crystals
-Ex: Gout
