UNIT II Review- ALTERATIONS: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Endocrine

UNIT II Review- ALTERATIONS:
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Endocrine
3 layers of the heart - ANS - endocardium (inner)

- myocardium (main/middle muscle)

- epicardium (outer)



4 heart valves - ANS - tricuspid

- pulmonary

- mitral (bicuspid)

- aortic



impact of left coronary artery blockage - ANS impairs blood flow to the body



impact of right coronary artery blockage - ANS impairs electrical activity of the heart to start



conduction pathway of the heart - ANS SA node (action potential) > AV node > bundle of HIS >
bundle branches > purkinje fibers (squeeze)



systole - ANS contraction of the heart muscle; "stress"



diastole - ANS relaxation of the heart muscle; "rest"



stroke volume - ANS the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat



cardiac output - ANS the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

*CO = stroke volume x heart rate



factors affecting cardiac output (CO) - ANS - preload

- contractility

- afterload

,preload - ANS the amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole or the initial "stretching" before
contraction



afterload - ANS the peripheral resistance or "force" the left ventricle must overcome to eject the
blood from the heart to the body



normal cardiac output - ANS 4-8 L/min



nutritional therapy for coronary artery disease (CAD) - ANS - ↓ saturated fats and cholesterol

- ↑ complex carbohydrates and fiber

- ↓ red meat, egg yolks, and whole milk

- ↑ omega-3 fatty acids



normal blood pressure - ANS <120 / <80 mmHg



elevated blood pressure - ANS 120-129 / <80 mmHg



hypertension stage 1 - ANS 130--89 mmHg



hypertension stage 2 - ANS >140 / >90 mmHg



hypertensive crisis - ANS >180 / >120 mmHg



signs and symptoms of hypertensive crisis - ANS - BP of >180 / >120

- sweating

- anxiety

- dizziness

- tachycardia

- angina

- severe headache

- blurred vision

,- muscle cramps



risk factors of hypertension - ANS - age

- sex

- ethnicity

- socioeconomic status

- activity level

- obesity

- nutrition

- smoking

- alcohol

- stress

- family history

- diabetes mellitus

- secondary hypertension from renal disease, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, cushing's
syndrome, and medications



sodium limit per day - ANS - <2000 mg/day for healthy adults

- <1500 mg/day for those with hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease



blood pressure - ANS the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

*BP = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance



pulse pressure - ANS difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

*typically 1/3 of the SBP



mean arterial pressure (MAP) - ANS average pressure in the arteries felt by organs in the body

*MAP = (SBP + 2DBP) / 3



normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) - ANS 70-110 mmHg

, minimum mean arterial pressure (MAP) - ANS 60 mmHg to maintain adequate blood flow and
perfuse major organs



best indicator of fluid balance - ANS weight



anasarca - ANS generalized edema



serum lipids - ANS - triglycerides

- cholesterol

- phospholipids



lipoprotein - ANS any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other
lipids in the blood plasma



4 classes of lipoproteins - ANS - chylomicrons

- low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

- high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

- very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)



most definitive test to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD) - ANS angiography + coronary
catheterization



atheromas - ANS fatty deposits in the intima of the coronary arteries



major cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) - ANS atherosclerosis

*endothelial injury and inflammation play major role



collateral circulation - ANS the alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis
(or connection)



sex with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) - ANS males