UF PHA6936 FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS 2024WITH GUARANTEED CORRECT ANSWERS

_____ , _____, _____ boundaries to the scene will prevent the alteration or destruction of physical evidence, by restricting movement, location and activity. - ANSWER-Establishing, defining, and controlling .______ refers to when an instrument is tested and shown to meet previously set (frequently by the vendor) specifications. Performance Qualification, Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification, Design Qualification - ANSWER-Operational Qualification ."Cutoff" is a term used in screening assays. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .1500-200cm^-1 - ANSWER-fingerprint region, spectral "fingerprint" can be used to assist in identifying a drug .1st Layer of Paint - ANSWER-electrocoat primer (e-coat) .1st step of Fingerprint Detection - ANSWER-examine all surfaces and objects .1st step of firearm examination - ANSWER-test fires are compared to each other to determine if the weapon produces reproducible marking each time it is fired .1st step of hair examination - ANSWER-determine if hair, examine for cuticle scales, medulla and pigment granules .1st step of Paint Analysis - ANSWER-visual and macroscopical evaluation, using stereomicroscope description, and documentation of the original condition of the sample .2nd layer in paint - ANSWER-primer .2nd Step of Fingerprint Detection - ANSWER-photograph and collect all indented and visible prints, special lighting and techniques used .2nd step of firearm examination - ANSWER-test fire is chosen and compared with the evidence .2nd step of hair examination - ANSWER-determine if human or animal .3R rule - ANSWER-Radial cracks form a Right angle on the Reverse side of the force .3rd layer of paint - ANSWER-topcoat/basecoat/colorcoat .3rd Step of Fingerprint Detection - ANSWER-searching for latent prints .4 microscopic characteristics that can be used to determine positive or negative microcrystal test: - ANSWER-size, habit, color and aggregation of crystals .4th and final layer of paint - ANSWER-clearcoat .6 components of UV-VIS Absorbance Instrument - ANSWER-light sources, wavelength selector, cuvette, detector, signal processor, readout device .8 different fingerprint patterns - ANSWER-radial loop, ulnar loop, double loop, central pocket loop, plain arch, tented arch, plain whorl, accidental .A "cutoff" is the point below which all samples are considered to be negative. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .A basic substance can only behave as a base when in the presence of other bases. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .a blood spatter pattern consisting of a large number of very fine, mist-like droplets indicates that the blood probably came from a - ANSWER-gunshot wound .A competitive binding assay consists of placing a fixed quantity of the antibody in a tube together with a fixed quantity of labeled drug in addition to the drug sample to be assayed. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .A crystalline drug has a repeating arrangement of individual molecules (crystal lattice) and a characteristically narrow melting point range. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .A fingerprint residue that has been developed can be removed with a scalpel and DNA extracted if necessary (T/F) - ANSWER-True .A flammable liquid that was used to start a fire is called - ANSWER-an accelerant .A hapten forms the primary immune response and functions to resist disease. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .A hapten is a monoclonal antibody produced via hybridoma technology. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .A hapten is a protein recognized by the body's B cells as being a foreign body. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .A hapten is a small non-immunogenic molecule attached to a larger immunogenic substance forming a new antigen that stimulates production of antibodies specific for the small molecule. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .A person's ____ is usually more distinctive than their normal handwriting - ANSWER-signature .A signal-to-noise ratio greater than ____ is generally considered acceptable for estimating the limit of detection. A. 1:1,B. 3:1, C. 2:1, D. Both B and C - ANSWER-D. Both B and C .A substrate control sample helps to detect - ANSWER-interference resulting in false negatives/positives .A swipe bloodstain pattern is the result of - ANSWER-a bloody object in motion contacting another clean surface .A vaginal swab that tests positive for acid phosphatase, but shows no spermatozoa on microscopic examination should be tested further for the presence of _____. - ANSWER-P30 .Accreditation Process - ANSWER-to do this a laboratory must demonstrate that it fulfills all the requirements est by the appropriate regulatory bodies, this is demonstrated through a laboratory audit that is conducted by an external, independent expert. In addition, proficiency testing for certification of each analyte must also be done. Analysis of an ukn sample done correctly. Ex. EPA lab analzyes CCl4, benzene or styrene via GC-MS .Acetylating Agents for GC - ANSWER-Pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA), and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), and acetic anhydride (AA), used for amines, amides, thiols, phenolic, alcohol and aromatic rings More stable than silyl derivatives .Acidic substances can only behave as an acid in the presence of other acids. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Acids and bases are neutral compounds never encountered in an ionized state. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Action - ANSWER-mechanism for firing, loading and unloading .Active agent in psilocybin - ANSWER-psilocin, responsible for the behavioral effects .Active Components of Marijuana - ANSWER-cannabinoids .Adenine binds to thymine with two hydrogen bonds. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Adenine is a pyrimidine base. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Adsorption / Normal Phase - ANSWER-stationary phase is more polar than the non-polar mobile phase used for non-polar to moderately polar materiasl .Advantage of Tape lifting fingerprints - ANSWER-presenting the lifted impression in the correct orientation .Advantages of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) - ANSWER-simple, rapid, non-destructive, less than a milligram of sample used, solid and liquids .Advantages of Color Tests - ANSWER-sensitive and fairly quick .Advantages of Double Beam Spectrophotometers - ANSWER-compensation for the fluctuations in output of the source compensation for variations in source intensity and wavelength continuously recording absorbance and transmittance data .Advantages of Electrochemical - ANSWER-sensitive to pg/ml levels selective .Advantages of Fluorescence - ANSWER-improved sensitivity over UV more selective since both excitation and emission wavelengths are important .Advantages of FTIR - ANSWER-quick data collection all frequencies detected simultaneously scan sample 10 times per second increased sensitivity increased spectral resolution enhanced data manipulation .Advantages of LLE - ANSWER-low volume of solvent, vast amount of literature, relatively simple, low cost, optimized for different classes .Advantages of Pulsed-spitless Injection - ANSWER-for more volatile compounds so they don't get lost to the split vent also useful for thermally labile sample components .Advantages of Raman - ANSWER-rapid no sample prep detect through some packaging portable nondestructive quantitative and qualitative .Advantages of Single Beam Spectrophotometers - ANSWER-greater energy throughput superior signal to noise ratios less cluttered sample compartments .Advantages of SPE versus LLE - ANSWER-selectivity, reproducibility, speed .Advantages of TLC - ANSWER-simple, cheap, reliable, selective, run several samples at a time, non-destructive, flexibility in mobile and stationary phases .Advantages of UV-Vis Detector - ANSWER-most organic compounds absorb UV light sensitive to the ng/ml level .Advantages of Vacuum Metal Deposition - ANSWER-extremely sensitive on a variety of surfaces, can be employed in conjunction with cyanoacrylate fuming .Advantages of X-ray Detection - ANSWER-useful on difficult surfaces like, multicolored paper, fabric, wood, rubber, leather, and human skin .Advantages to Fluorescence Spectrophotometry - ANSWER-more sensitive and more specific than UV-Vis .Advantages to fuming a print - ANSWER-makes transport of small items less likely to smudge or ruin the minutiae as it permanently affixes the print onto the surface .Advantages to SBI with DAD - ANSWER-quick data accumulation simple design few moving parts little calibration needed Minimal maintenance required Used for quantitation .African Ancestry "Negroid" (Black) Hairs - ANSWER-deeply pigmented, different shade of color, coarse clustering of pigment granules, tightly curled due to flattened elliptical cross sections .After visual examination of the fiber evidence what collection methods would be employed? - ANSWER-tape lifting or scraping .Alcohol is an example of a - ANSWER-depressant .All competitive immunoassay methods depend on the drug or analyte of interest being able to compete in the assay with an antibody and labeled drug. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Alphonse Bertillon - ANSWER-first to use systematic crime scene photography for recording a scene .Alphonse Bertillon (1879) - ANSWER-developed the most significant and earliest personal identification anthropometric system based on the measurements of the body known as Bertillonage .Alphonse Bertillon (1902) - ANSWER-responsible for the first criminal ID of fingerprint without known suspect; matched print from the scene to prints on file .American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) - ANSWER-developed a series of examinations allowing the certification of individual forensic scientists in their particular area of expertise .American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) - ANSWER-created with the purpose of standardizing methods and terminology unique to the field .American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) - ANSWER-international organization composed of crime laboratory directors whose mission is to promote excellence through leadership in a forensic science management .Amido Back - ANSWER-protein dye, sensitive to blood proteins, turning a blue-black color, does not stain normal constituents found in print residues .Ammunition - ANSWER-cartridge case with propellant, primer, and bullet .Amorphous solids ... - ANSWER-have no lattice structures and a lower melting point range of 10C .Amount of light passed through the cross polars depends on how close the analyzer is to parallel or crossed. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Amphetamines - ANSWER-base for other analogs such as: methamphetamine, methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/Ecstasy. .Amphoteric compounds - ANSWER-exhibit both properties of acids and bases, optimal extraction of these chemicals can only be achieved by adjusting the pH to get the drug into an unionized form. Ex. morphine, pH = 8 .An acid is a substance that can be charged or uncharged and is capable of donating a proton. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Anagen Phase - ANSWER-growth phase, 85% of hairs, last from 2-6 years, approx. 10cm per year .Analysis - ANSWER-prior to analysis the sample should be stored in a secure location with an unbroken seal, dilutions, measurement of pH and weight, duration time for processes such as extractions, amplifications, prep vol of reagents and stds., each step must be documented, for confirmation purposes another analyst should be there to observe OR another confirmatory test can be performed, all evidence should be documented with a sample ID #, date of analysis, ID of instruments used, approved methods number .Analytical Information Management System (AIMS) - ANSWER-converts data from standard format, search data archives and serves as a central repository for all instrumental data .Analytical Techniques for Paint - ANSWER-solubility tests, color characterization by microspectrophotometry, microscope FT-IR, Pyrolysis-GC, X-ray fluorescence neutron activation, and inductively coupled plasma-MS .Analyzer - ANSWER-term for the second polarizing filter .Angel dust or PCP is what classification of drug - ANSWER-hallucinogen .Angle of Incidence (ATR-FTIR) - ANSWER-amount of radiation that is reflected and determines depth of penetration .Animal Care Facilities - ANSWER-one species per room (aquatic animals exempt, different tanks same room) separate rooms should be used for studies involving biohazards, volatiles, aerosols, radioactive or infectious. animals should not be housed within individual laboratories, designated areas of the lab can be used sick animals should be isolated environment of the room can be altered according to the study protocol storage areas for feed and bedding are required access should be limited to personnel .Animal Fibers - ANSWER-morphological features of animal hair, except silk .Anisotropic - ANSWER-materials with 2 or 3 RIs, aka fibers .Anthropology - ANSWER-Determine if bones are human or animal .anti-Stokes scattering - ANSWER-photons can end up at a lower energy state .Antibodies - ANSWER-part of the body's immune response designed to bind to and assist with the deactivation and elimination of foreign invader .Antigens - ANSWER-a foreign body, molecules that elicit an immune response and bind with antibodies .Antiserum - ANSWER-serum drawn from the animal that antigen-specific antibodies are found in .Any two of these tests identifies marijuana - ANSWER-microscopy, color test or TLC .Applications of IAs - ANSWER-postmortem investigations, workplace drug testing, human performance investigation .Archiving Records - ANSWER-these can be used to: establish where samples were at all times (confirms that the sample could not have been possibly been misidentified), shows that ukn persons could not have tampered with the sample, show that analytical procedures for the sample were followed, interpret data independently These records are really important to forensic evidence bc lawyers often challenge the results of scientific tests .Ardrox Fluorescent Dye - ANSWER-used for cyanoacrylate-developed latent prints, illuminates with UV lamp, allowing weakly developed latent prints to be seen and photographed .Arthur Conan-Doyle - ANSWER-suggested that soil collected on a person at a crime scene could be used as evidence to place that person at the location .As numerical aperture of the total system ________ so does the resolution. - ANSWER-increases .As the condenser diaphragm is ________ the working numerical aperture of the microscope increases - ANSWER-opened .As the numerical aperture of the microscope increase resulting in _________ resolution and light transmittance. - ANSWER-greater .ASCLD Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD-LAB) - ANSWER-organization that has published minimum standards for laboratories and their personnel to achieve, following formal accreditation by the organization .Asian Ancestry "Mongoloid" - ANSWER-straight with circular cross sections, deeply pigmented, thick cuticles .Associative - ANSWER-linking people, places or objects .At what point can a corpse be fingerprinted? - ANSWER-before or after the onset of rigor mortis or after the start of decomposition .Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) - ANSWER--CI version of ESI -gas and heat aerosolize the liquid -spray of liquid interacts with a strong electrical field capable of ionizing the solvent -solvent passes the charge to the analyte -remaining solvent evaporates, and sample is passes into mass analyzer -+/- can be used .Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Methods (API) - ANSWER--used for liquid samples -analytes are desolvated and/or ionized at atmospheric pressure -outside vacuum -then ionized -then pumped to the mass analyzer .ATR-FTIR - ANSWER-sample placed directly on an IR transparent crystal with a high RI, IR radiation enters the crystal at a specific angle, crystal acts as a prism causes internal reflectance. An evanescent wave is created and protrudes into the sample, the sample absorbs energy and the evanescent wave will be altered/attenuated, the attenuated portion of the wave continues to the detector creating the spectrum .Audits ensure that the laboratory is maintaining accreditation standards. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .August Vollmer - ANSWER-developed the First United States police crime laboratory of the Los Angeles County Sheriffs department .Automated database systems - ANSWER-Drugfire and IBIS .Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) - ANSWER-as a means of providing identification services to US law enforcement communities .Automobile paint consists of at least ____ layer - ANSWER-4 .Automobile paint typically has a minimum of ___ layers. (Plastic doesn't exist!) - ANSWER-4 .Automotive undercoats and many architectural coatings with low luster finishes, container significant amounts of inorganic pigments which tend to have most of their infrared absorptions in the lower frequency of spectral region. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Auxochrome - ANSWER-a saturated chemical group that has little to no absorption but modifies the absorption spectrum when attached to a chromophore .Axillary Hairs - ANSWER-similar to pubic hairs though less diameter fluctuations .Barr Bodies - ANSWER-cellular structure associated with the nuclei of female cells, not a fool-proof method of gender determination .Barrel of a firearm - ANSWER-metal tube produced by drilling out a steel rod, typically has rifling on the inside .Base peak is always the molecular ion (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Basement membranes provides: - ANSWER-physical dividing line between epidermal and dermal cells and is a physical barrier vital to our immunological protection .Bathochromic Shift - ANSWER-phenolic compounds the solution is more alkaline leads to an absorption shift to a longer wavelength (red) .Becke line - ANSWER-optical artifact at the boundaries of the glass that changes bases on the difference between the RIs .Beer-Lambert Law (commonly Beer's Law) - ANSWER-Absorbance (A) = molar absorptivity (e)times concentration (c) times path length(b) .Beer's Law - ANSWER-considers sample concentration for a given path length (b) the transmitted intensity (I) decreases exponentially with an increasing sample concentration (c) of a homogeneously absorbing system. .Beer's Law (Quiz) - ANSWER-Relates transmitted light intensity to concentration .Before beginning drug analysis - ANSWER-sample should be accurately weighed .Bias - ANSWER-quantitative measurement used to assess trueness and is defined as the closeness of agreement between the mean and the reference value, assess systematic errors .Bias has been found in: - ANSWER-DNA interpretation, latent print analysis, forensic anthropology and bloodstain pattern analysis .Bio-Materials Lab - ANSWER-restricted access--this minimizes the # of people exposed equipped with biological safety cabinets that have HEPA filters to protect lab personnel and protect cell cultures changing into other clothing may be needed if working with dangerous biological material .Biohazards Hoods - ANSWER-containment and protection of samples and operator .Biological Waste - ANSWER-needs to be disposed of separately and not mixed with regular lab waste .Blood exhibits weak photoluminescence with excitation at 360 nm. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Blood spatter patterns can indicate - ANSWER-how many sources of blood there were, what type of weapon was used, the number of times a weapon was used .Bloodborne Pathogen Training - ANSWER-once a year if the personnel is exposed to them Hep B vaccinations must be made available to an employee within 10 days of an assignment to a position involving bloodborne pathogens universal precautions and engineering controls practiced. Equipment and lab surfaces are cleaned and disinfected. All areas contaminated with biological waste must have fluorescent orange or orange-red labels with the biohazard symbol .Bodily Excretion and Polarity - ANSWER-Normal bodily excretion of drugs becomes polarized by the liver so that it can be eliminated in urine When analysts are trying to extract drugs they want to get the drug to be non-polar so they can extract it into the organic solvent phase .Borosilicate glass ingredients: - ANSWER-borax, silica and alkali .Borosilicate glass properties: - ANSWER-durable, resistant to chemicals, and high temperature .Brainstem Death - ANSWER-less widely accepted idea that when the brain stem dies that the person is dead .Brainstem Reflex Tests - ANSWER-If brainstem is dead: very bright light shone into the eye, pupil should not react firm pressure applied to cornea to elicit blinking, no corneal reflex ice cold water passed into ears to cause reflex eye movement, no movement cranial nerve motor responses should be absent, no reflex grimacing to painful stimulus suction catheter passed into windpipe no coughing or gag reflex .Broach Method - ANSWER-a series of progressively larger cutters for the rifling with a single pass .Broke waste glass is called: - ANSWER-cullet .Bullet styles - ANSWER-round nose, wadcutter, semi-wadcutter, full metal jacket, soft point, hollow point, and semi-jacketed hollow point .Button Method - ANSWER-a carbide plug with a rifled cross section is pushed/pulled through the bore .Cabinet/Hood for dealing with DNA - ANSWER-Class II biohazard cabinet along with PCR set up cabinets .Calibration (Definition) - ANSWER-a comparison of measurement, standard, instrument, or item with a standard instrument of higher accuracy to detect and quantify inaccuracies and to report or eliminate those in inaccuracies by making adjustments. (physical measurements vs. acceptable standards) .Calibration Curve - ANSWER-reveals the instrument's response to the concentrations analyzed .Calibrators to make the Calibration Curve - ANSWER-maximum 120% of expected maximum concentration minimum 10%> than the minimum quantifiable value 4 to 7 used dependent on the range to be quantified minimum of 3 control samples, at low (10%greater than min calibrator) medium and high (10% less than maximum) concentrations values .Can scientists determine body area that hair came from comparison? - ANSWER-Yes .Capillaries deliver oxygenated blood to the veins. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Carry Over - ANSWER-evaluated to see if previously analyzed sample's analytes might elute on subsequent instrumental runs .Cartridge Cases - ANSWER-brass or nickel-plated brass or aluminum or plastic .Casts of Toolmark impressions - ANSWER-create a clay dam around the toolmark and pour an eposy or plastic casting material into the isolated region or by using putties .Catagen Phase - ANSWER-Transitional phase, 1-2 weeks long, hair follicle shrinks, lower part is destroyed and the dermal papilla breaks away .Cause of Death - ANSWER- .Causes of Interference (Drug Analyze) - ANSWER-cutting agents, impurities, by-products, precursors .CEDIA is a homogeneous assay with a long shelf life, but can be affected by urine adulterants, yielding false negative results. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Cellular Death - ANSWER-death of each and every individual component .Centerfire cartridges - ANSWER-primer in the center and the firing pin hits the center .Central stockroom - ANSWER-central to all laboratories makes everything more efficient and cost-effective than having separate stock rooms .Cetus Corporation - ANSWER-furthered development of DNA profiling and molecular biology techniques with the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .Chain of Custody - ANSWER-defined as an unbroken trail of accountability that ensures the physical security of samples, data and records, signature or initials of each individual receiving or transferring the evidence should be recorded with an identifier #, should include the date and quanity of the batch Prevents 2 common methods by which analytical results can be challenged: 1. showing that the analytical procedure was not accurate 2. raising doubt about whether or not this was the correct sample Legally defendable when it can be shown that the original sample could not have been exchanged for other sample .Chain of Custody Documents - ANSWER-1. a transmittal document to describe field activities and receipt of the samples 2. a document that records storage and disposal of activities 3. a document that follows the sample through its analysis .Chain of custody is required for any evidence submitted to court and can be used to establish the integrity of the evidence. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Changing the pH Environment - ANSWER-passing a buffer through the column to make the environment conductive to the retention of the analyte of interest onto the column. .Charles Waite - ANSWER-catalogued information regarding weapon manufacture .Chemical degradation - ANSWER-Result in loss of pure drug by breakdown to another compound .Chemical information management system (CIMS) - ANSWER-provides the ability to store and work with chemical structures and rxns .Chemical Inventory Includes - ANSWER-name of the chemical, approx quantity, storage location, date of acquisition Dependent on Lab: manufacturer, quantity used, exp date, hazards, CAS # .Chemical Ionization (CI) - ANSWER--same instrumentation as EI -add reagent gas first interacts with the electron beam - +/- charged ions created -type dependent on reagent gas -molecular ion is preserved -GC interface .Chemical Label Requirements - ANSWER-name of chemical, picture hazard, symbol hazard, word hazard, name and address of manufacturer, importer or other responsible party .Chemical methods for the development of latent fingerprints include - ANSWER-Ninhydrin, Diazafluoren (DFO), Sticky side powder, iodine fuming, cyanoacrylate fuming .Chemical Processing is down in the field. (T/F) - ANSWER-False, its done at the laboratory .Chemical processing of latent prints should be used if visual techniques work. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Chemical reactions that give off heat are called: - ANSWER-exothermic reactions .Chemical Storage - ANSWER-Chemicals should not be exposed to direct sunlight, heat source, or stored under the sink, bottles should be placed below eye level, and in cabinets with see-through doors. Separate chemicals that could react together. .Chemical Waste - ANSWER-stored in a separate area from chemicals .Chemically unstable drugs are susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and effects of temperature (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Chemicals with crystal lattice structures have narrow melting points. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Chromophore - ANSWER-color-producing molecular groups responsible for energy absorption .Class Characteristics from Cartridge case - ANSWER-firing pin strike, breechface impressions, ejector striations, chamber marks .Class characteristics of a firearm detectable from a fired bullet include - ANSWER-caliber, lands/grooves, and rifling (direction and degree) .Class Characteristics of Bullet - ANSWER-caliber, number of lands and grooves, direction of rifling, groove width .Class Characteristics Toolmarks - ANSWER-shape, dimensions of working surface, distance between teeth of a saw, etc .Classes of Synthetic Fibers: - ANSWER-acetate, acrylic, aramid, nylon, polyester, and rayon .Classification of Arches - ANSWER-plain arches, tented arches, an gular, up thrust .Classification of Loops - ANSWER-Delta, Sufficient recurve, ridge count, radial/ulnar loops .Classifications that fibers are tentatively group in during examination: - ANSWER-synthetic, natural, or inorganic .Clearcoat - ANSWER-non-pigmented, acrylic or polyurethane based .Clipping - ANSWER-clipping of fingernails, package right and left hands separately .Cloned Enzyme-Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA) - ANSWER--homogenous -competitive -Enzyme donor (ED) smaller piece, attached to the antigen -Enzyme acceptor (EA) large piece, in the substrate -ED bound to antibody then EA will not be able to combine -ED not bound to antibody then EA will combine and become active -Active enzyme reacts with substrate to produce color change (yellow-orange to deep red) -Directly proportional .Clothing hairs/trichomes are found - ANSWER-on the underside of the leaves and are long, sharply pointed hairs .Collected writing samples should be - ANSWER-authenticated and from an appropriate time period. .Color of fingerprint powder - ANSWER-chosen to contrast with the object to be photograph, should also keep in mind what color the backing card is .Color tests are confirmative tests. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Color tests are generally rapid and simple. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Color tests can be used on minimal amounts of sample. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Color tests usually provide information on possible class or classes of drugs present in a test sample. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Colorcoat - ANSWER-acrylic-based polymer, needs to resist weathering from UV light and environment insults .Columns (HPLC) - ANSWER-packed column, short in length but have wider diameter than GC .Combination Absorption - ANSWER-occur at frequencies that are the sum or difference between two or more fundamental bands .Combing - ANSWER-clean comb/brush used to recover trace evidence from the hair of an individual , comb and debris packaged together .Common coating on lead bullets - ANSWER-copper or brass .Common Descriptive Statistics - ANSWER-average (or mean), median, mode (appears most often), confidence interval (how confident one is that results are accurate), measures of precision (range, standard deviation (scatter of values around the avg value) , variance (best measure of precision), relative std deviation or coefficient of variation, graphical representations, calibration curves .Common fingerprint minutiae include - ANSWER-dots, bifurcations, islands .Common Stationary Phases for TLC - ANSWER-Silica gel, Cellulose, Ion Exchange Resins .Comparison microscopy of fibers - ANSWER-visual responses from the two samples must be approximately the same color, brightness and clarity .Comparison of assay results and/or impure profiles of the new procedure ... - ANSWER-to that of a validated method can be used to show specificity. Ex. peak purity tests using chromatographic or spectroscopic tech may be useful to show that the analyte peak is not attributable to more than one component. .Comparison of known and question paint samples - ANSWER-can be made under stereomicroscope, noting difference in color, pigment appearance, surface details, inclusions, metallic and pearlescent flake size and distribution and layer defects .Competitive immunoassays work on the principle of competition between an analyte present in the sample with a labeled drug or antibody specific for the drug of interest. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Components in a GC - ANSWER-injector, columns, and detectors .Components of a Final Report - ANSWER-Should include: title page, abstract or summary, highlights, reserach plan, procedural changes, analysis of data, storage of records, signatures and dates, corrections and additions to the final report .Components of a firearm - ANSWER-barrel, firing chamber, stock and action .Components of a MS - ANSWER-ion source, mass analyzer, detector and vacuum .Components of Analytical Procedures (4) - ANSWER---extraction of the test compound from a matrix --construction of a standard curve --quantitation of the test article --quality control of the analytical process .Components of HPLC - ANSWER-Injection System, Pump, Columns, Detectors .Compositions of Bullets - ANSWER-lead with partial or total encasing of copper, aluminum, steel or brass .Compound Microscope - ANSWER-2 or more lenses one being the upper eyepiece and the second the lower one the objective. .Computer Forensics - ANSWER-Recover data from digital media .Concentric fractures - ANSWER-encircle the site of penetration, they form second, and start on the impact side .Condenser aperture diaphragm controls - ANSWER-the angle of the light cone reaching the specimen .Condition of a Sample Description - ANSWER-be sure to include features and appearances of the substance that will be tested such as: --weight (dry or wet) --amount if in tablet form --# of packages --nature of substance --Color --odor --condition (wet or dry) .Conditioning the Column Entails - ANSWER-wetting the sorbent by passing solvents like methanol, acetonitrile and isopropanol to create an environment to create reproducible retention of the isolate. .Conditions of PVS - ANSWER-brainstem remains functional, patient breathes unaided and certain reflexes are observed, show no behavioral evidence of awareness, do not speak or initiate purposeful limb movements, higher brain function are absent .Confirmation bias - ANSWER-concept of accepting conclusions of another withou due diligence of the scientific process .Confirmatory tests can... - ANSWER-identify a sample to the exclusion of all others .Contamination and Transfer - ANSWER-decontaminate equipment after use to prevent subsequent transfer and infection .Contamination Prevention: - ANSWER-separate areas for mixing of the test separate control and reference substances with a carrier storage of the test, control, and reference substance mixtures separately separate areas for pre and post amplified DNA extraction and amplification should be separate areas examining reference samples and evidence should be done separately .Contextual Effects - ANSWER-environmental influences and past experiences that can sway our decision making processes .Controlled Substance Storage - ANSWER-all controlled substances should be stored under lock and key and their use must be documented, most common is ethanol .Cortical/matrix epidermal cell - ANSWER-during growth phase they divide and proliferate rapidly .Cost-reducing measures - ANSWER-limit accreditation to those methods being used, submitting applications for several procedures at once rather than successive single procedure submissions, combining the addition of newly accredited methods with an inspection visit, submitting accreditation applications by mail for labs with good track record Cost of accreditation = 25% of profit .Cotton's characteristic microscopic feature - ANSWER-being a flat spiral shape .crime scene documentation methods do not include: - ANSWER-cell phone records .Crime Scene Investigators should be effective managers: - ANSWER--at the scene of the crime/incident -of the processing of physical evidence collected from the scene -of the investigative process as it relates to physical evidence -of the final presentation of physical evidence at court .Crime scene processing is the same as crime scene investigation. - ANSWER-False .Criminalistics - ANSWER-recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence using the methods of natural sciences in matters of legal significance, aka the science of individualization .Criteria to be fulfilled to be diagnosis brainstem death - ANSWER-Preconditions, Exclusions and Tests .Cross sections can be examined and analyzed under: - ANSWER-light microscopy, UV-visible microspectrophotometry, infrared spectrophotometry, and electron microscopy .Cross sections provide: - ANSWER-layer sequence, layer thickness, color, pigment distribution, pigment size, and composition of individual layers .Cross-reactivity (IA) - ANSWER-polyclonal antibodies are not specific therefore can react with antigens of similar molecular structure .Cross-Sectional Shape of Fiber - ANSWER-determine by optical section, viewing the fiber longitudinally and slowly focusing through the fiber .Crossed Polars - ANSWER-two polarizing filters are placed at 90 degrees to each other causing no light to pass through .Crystal Violet - ANSWER-protein dye that stains the fatty components of sweat a deep purple color, can be used for bloody fingerprints .Crystal violet is used on many types of adhesive tapes due to it only sticking to the latent prints. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Cubic Crystal Structure have how many RIs? - ANSWER-One .Culliford and Wraxal - ANSWER-development of electrophoretic techniques for haptoglobin typing and isoenzyme due to the determination of the polymorphic nature of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and adenylate cyclase (AK) .Cut Off Levels - ANSWER-the concentration used to distinguish between positive and negative results .Cuticle scale patterns can be obtained by: - ANSWER-creating casts of the hair in nail polish and then removing the hair from the nail polish and observing the cast left in the nail polish .Cyanoacrylate Fuming - ANSWER-super glue reacts with amino acids, fatty acids and proteins in the print and the moisture in the air, producing a visible, sticky, white material along the ridges of the fingerprint .Cyanoacrylate Fuming on Non-porous surfaces - ANSWER-print residue becomes polymerized and hardens, improving the ability to observe and possibly lift the developed print pattern .Cystolithic haris/trichomes are found - ANSWER-primarily on the upper side of the leaves, small bear claw shape and have a calcium carbonate base .Cytosine pairs with Adenine. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .De-gloving - ANSWER-epidermis and dermis of the decedent's fingers are removed and placed on top of a gloved finger to attempt to create an inked or powdered print .Death - ANSWER-at the point at which the heart stopped beating and breathing ceased .Deficiencies must be corrected in order to maintain accreditation. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Define Precision (Reproducibility) - ANSWER-closeness of agreement between replicate measurements taken in different laboratories by different personnel using different instrumentation .Definition of Accuracy - ANSWER-closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurand combination of systematic and random errors .DeForrest - ANSWER-initiated the first systematic use of fingerprints in personal identification in the United States .Degasser - ANSWER-added to HPLC to remove air from the mobile phase .Delustrant Particles - ANSWER-presence or absence the size, shape, distribution, relative abundance .Density Determinations test: - ANSWER-layering a number of miscible oils or liquids in a tube, heaviest at the bottom, the solution forms a uniform gradient and particles added to the tube will settle at the level of equivalent density .Derivatization for GC - ANSWER-done to alleviate volatility and stability issue and improve chromatography .Dermal papilla - ANSWER-consists of a highly active group of cells responsible for hair production .Dermis - ANSWER-thick layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, provides nutrients and blood to the epidermis .Describe anthropometry. - ANSWER-Taking body measurements as a way to distinguish one individual from another .Descriptive Considerations - ANSWER-statistic techniques that collect, organize, and analyze the data without drawing any conclusion or inference, used by labs performing routine analyses (ex. level pesticides in soil, creatine in blood, controlled substance in sample) Assumptions made include--data having a bell-shaped curve (Gaussian distribution), errors that random and independent of outside influences .Design Qualification (DQ) - ANSWER-process of selecting the specifications for and purchase of an instrument .Detectors (UV-Vis) - ANSWER-Often a photon transducer, create photocurrent through the absorption of radiation onto their photoemission surfaces .Detectors for HPLC - ANSWER--UV-VIS -Diode Array -Fluroescence -Electrochemical -FTIR -Mass Spectrometer .Determine Accuracy - ANSWER-by comparison of the results of the proposed analytical procedure with those of a second well-characterized procedure. should be done using at least 9 determinations with three concentration levels. Generally reported as the difference between the mean and the accepted true value together with the confidence intervals. .Determine Precision - ANSWER-replicate analysis of 3 samples of 3 different concentrations performed on the same day and over a minimum of two weeks .Developmental Validation (DNA) - ANSWER-include: characterization of the locus, species specificity studies, sensitivity, stability, and mixture studies a number of samples from a population must be obtained and analyzed in order for independence studies and allele frequency determinators to be made. .DFO can be used for blood prints on porous surfaces and do not need to be visualized and photographed under UV light. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .DFO develops 2.5 more latent print than Ninhydrin alone. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Diazafluoren (DFO) - ANSWER-ninhydrin analogues, reacts to amino acids in body proteins .Different forms of electromagnetic light can induce chemical decay of chemically unstable compounds. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Diffuse Reflectance (DR) - ANSWER-technique applied to the outer surfaces of paint films on the microspectrophotometry .Dilution Integrity - ANSWER-need to be assess for scenarios where the analytes concentration is outside the upper end or is low volume sample .Diode Array Detectors (DAD) - ANSWER-white light onto the flow cell then to a diffraction grating causing the light to disperse into a linear series consisting of hundreds of photodiodes, converted into an electrical signal, detects can report the absorbance that occurred .Direct Analysis in Real-Time (DART) - ANSWER--at atmospheric pressure -little to no sample prep --exposed to heated, electrically charged gas -gas comes into contact with water vapor creating protonated water clusters containing metastable ions -ions react to ionize the sample using helium -negative mode can be used also -heating of ionization gas is critical to ensure that no thermal degradation takes place .Direct examination would be the term applied to which of the following situations? State attorney asking the state witness a question State attorney asking the defendant a question The judge asking the state witness a question The judge asking the defendant a question - ANSWER-State attorney asking the state witness a question .Disadvantage of Color Tests - ANSWER-non-specific, destructive and may be affected by the conditions of the test .Disadvantage of ESDA - ANSWER-prints must be fresh for significant results .Disadvantage of rubber lifters - ANSWER-print is reversed .Disadvantages of Electrochemical - ANSWER-mobile phases must be electrically conductive high maintenance .Disadvantages of ELISA - ANSWER-less sensitive than RIA .Disadvantages of Fluorescence - ANSWER-very few compounds are naturally fluorescent most can be derivatized to incorporate a fluorescent label .Disadvantages of FPIA - ANSWER-possible background interferences, inhibited by extraneous molecules .Disadvantages of Latent Prints on Skin - ANSWER--washed away from perspiration -exposed to harsh conditions: mutilation, contamination with body fluids, weather effects and decomposition -crime scene processing, several people may handle the body, destroying and adding prints to the skin -refrigeration and temperature can negatively effect the outcome of processing .Disadvantages of Liquid-Liquid Extraction - ANSWER-emulsions may form trapping the drug, immiscible solvents are required, time consuming, glassware clean-up, large volumes of solvents used, skill involved by operator .Disadvantages of pulsed-spitless Injection - ANSWER-could overwhelm the inlet and cause flashback contaminating the gas supply lines and septum .Disadvantages of RIA - ANSWER-exposure to radiation and waste disposal requirements .Disadvantages of SBI with DAD - ANSWER-limited resolution 1-2 nm low specificity not all drugs absorb UV light addition separation technique may be need to remove interfering substances .Disadvantages of SPE - ANSWER-require vacuum, more solvent than LLE, additional sample prep needed, operator dependent, cartridges can be clog .Disadvantages of TLC - ANSWER-lower sensitivity and resolution than GC and HPLC, skill and experience necessary, subjective .Disadvantages of UV-Vis Detector - ANSWER-eluent may absorb at optimum detection wavelength only compounds with chromophores can be detected relatively poor sensitivity .Disadvantages of Vacuum Sweeping - ANSWER--rigorously cleaned between uses -new parts of each area -high probability of cross-contamination .Disadvantages of X-ray Detection - ANSWER-not very convenient .Disadvantages to Fluorescence Spectrophotometry - ANSWER-few drugs have native fluorescence unable to distinguish between parent drug and metabolite .Disadvantages to Raman - ANSWER-weak signal inhibited when analyzing naturally fluorescent substances mixtures are difficult to analyze .Disposal of Records - ANSWER-Information that can be used to ID a human must be destroyed, provisions may need to be made for the off-site storage of non-active and permanent records .Distance Determination - ANSWER-grease dirt, unburned gunpowder and the pattern formed on the target can be used to estimate the distance and direction that the muzzle was .DNA forms a triple helix. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .DNA fragments are cut with restriction endonucleases during RFLP analysis.(T/F) - ANSWER-True .DNA is double stranded (T/F) - ANSWER-True .DNA segments are separate using gel electrophoresis during RFLP analysis. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Document Examiners - ANSWER-Analyze ink, paper, toner in questioned documents .Documentation and Record Storage - ANSWER-all documentation generated from the validation process, stored in an organized manner and in the correct format and location .Does absorptivity in Beer's law have units? - ANSWER-No, the units cancel out .Does crystallization occur when glass is cooled? - ANSWER-No .Double Action Firearms - ANSWER-pulling the trigger will cock and release the hammer .Double base smokeless powder - ANSWER-nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin .Double Beam Spectrophotometers - ANSWER-These have a mirror that splits the beam emerging from the monochromator. one of the beams passes through the reference solution to a detector and the second beam passes through the test sample to a matching detector. The two detector outputs are amplified and their ratio is determined electronically before being displayed. .Dr Alexandre Lacassagne - ANSWER-first to associate bullets with a specific gun, first to study blood spatter patterns .Dr George Popp - ANSWER-first recorded use of botanical evidence in a criminal case .Dreyfuss Case - ANSWER-Bertillon testified the accused had written a document that was the basis for the charge of treason the accurser's innocence was later proven .Drug compounds that are not chemically stable may be susceptible to: - ANSWER-chemical, microbial and physical degradation .Drug dependency is subdivided into two categories - ANSWER-psychological and physiological .Drugfire and National Integrated Balistics Information Network (NIBIN) - ANSWER-database to compare and link evidence obtain in serial shooting investigations .Drugs derivatized by Acetylating Agents - ANSWER-amphetamine, MDMA, and methylphenidate .Drugs to use Silyating Reagents On - ANSWER-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, lorazepam, and genzoylecgonine .Drugs with Natural Fluorescence - ANSWER-chlorquine, dantroline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), propranolol, quinidine .Drugs/Drug Class that have good UV Absorbance - ANSWER-barbituates (phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (diazepam), phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, psilocin, cocaine, heroin, LSD, Methamphetamine, MDMA .Due diligence - ANSWER-the process by which data is generated to demonstrate compliance with statutory limits is commonly referred to as this .Due to Penetration Depth on XRF - ANSWER-provide elemental data from all layers of a typical multilayer paint fragment simultaneously .During an audit the auditor may inspect many different types of records. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .During an audit the auditor may track a random specimen from time of collection to final result and report. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .During an audit the auditor may want to see how results are calculated. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .During crime scene processing which type of evidence is collected first? - ANSWER-All fragile evidence .During layer examination what should be considered? - ANSWER--considerable consistency of composition with other models produced around the same time -different vehicle makes and models with the same paint color and composition -more layers the better, -resprayed, better chance for individualization -number and thickness of layers may vary at differ sites on the vehicle body .During visually inspection how are fibers collected? - ANSWER-forceps .Each drug only produces one crystal form in microcrystal tests. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Edmund Locard - ANSWER-set up first police crime laboratory in Europe, in Lyons, location of Interpol today .Edmund Locard () - ANSWER-almost impossible for anyone to participate in any activity without removing soil or dust particles from the site by contaminating their person or vehicle .Efficiency - ANSWER-number of theoretical plates needed for separations .Electrochemical (HPLC) - ANSWER-solutes undergo oxidation or reduction at the surface of an electrode with the measurement of the resulting current .Electrocoat primer - ANSWER-epoxy resin applied by electroplating directly to the steel, usually gray to black in color .Electromagnetic radiation consists of: - ANSWER-photons .Electromagnetic Spectrum - ANSWER-Radiation Type Frequency Wavelength Transition UV 10^15 - 10^17Hz 200-400nm outer electron Vis 4- 7.5 x 10^14Hz 400-800nm outer electron NearIR 10^12 - 10^14 Hz 1 um - 3 um molecular vibrations .Electron Impact (EI) - ANSWER--filament that is heated and then produces a bean of electrons -interact with the analyte and remove an electron from their outer shell -fragmentation continues -conducted under vacuum to help fragments move towards mass analyzer -harsh ionization method -GC interface .Electron signals on SEM-EDS produce - ANSWER-composition and topographical information about a sample .Electronic Records - ANSWER-these records can be stored on a variety of media from 3" disks to CDs to computers. Limited access must be given for info stored on computers to prevent alterations and deleting info., 2 copies should be kept and stored at different locations STORAGE requirements all storage media have finite lifetimes, choice of storage media depends on--amount of data the medium can hold, ease of use, reliability, depends a specific operating systems, period of time the records need to be saved .Electronic Records-Life expectancy - ANSWER-Data Storage Type Life Expectancy Magnetic tape 5-20 yrs CD-ROM 2-100 yrs Paper 20-100 yrs Microfilm 10-200 yrs .Electrospray Ionization (ESI) - ANSWER--capillary tube that the eluent goes through -voltage applied to the end of the tube -aerosols the liquid into electrically charged droplets using a nebulizing gas -negative ions drawn back to positively charged tube -positive ion thrust forward -positive ions desolvate by the nitrogen gas and break apart further - + ions propelled to the negatively charged entrance into the mass analysis .Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) - ANSWER-applying an electrostatic field can make the modifications to the properties of the surface apparent .Electrostatic Trap - ANSWER--3 electrods -two on each end and one in the center -ions enter and are trapped -sent into an oscillation around the center electrode and between the two end electrods -separation because they oscillate at different frequencies -m/z measured based on frequencies .Elemental analysis of glass could be done by: - ANSWER-wet chemical analysis, neutron activation, atomic absorption, mass spectrography, and emission spectrography techniques .Elements of an SOP "in house" - ANSWER-Title of SOP, author, issue date, ID #, Page x of y, approval signature (senior lab official), some subsections include: Scope--elaborates on title Referenced Docs--source providing info for the SOP (federal standards, journal articles, SOP's of other labs) Defiinitions/Terminology--unfamiliar terms, common abbreviations Summary of Methods--briefly describes equip and general procedures Inferences--compounds that will interfere with results are noted Apparatus and Materials--lists devices, columns, detectors used in analysis, also should include syringes, bottles, vials Reagents--solvents, stock standards, reference standards, calibration standards, internal standards, surrogates, include conc. hazards, chemical grade, storage conditions Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling--specific methods for handling a sample Procedures--Instrument or method calibration, sample prep and analysis, troubleshooting, calculations Quality Control--Procedures est. to demonstrate that instrument calibration, sample prep and analysis are preformed correctly. Method Performance--The min detectable level IMDL) of a substance in diff. matrices, % of recovered chemical Miscellaneous--flow charts, diagrams .Elements to detect in elemental analysis of glass - ANSWER-arsenic, cobalt, titanium, sulfur, lead, boron, zirconium, strontium, barium, iron, and chromium .ELISA shows good sensitivity and is less prone to matrix effects, but the cost per sample is high. (T/F) - ANSWER-True .Elution of Sample - ANSWER-analyte of interest is eluted from the column and collected in a tube using a suitable solvent .Elutropic Series - ANSWER-way to determine solvent strength by starting with least polar,hexane, moving to the most polar of methanol and water .EMIT has a low false positive rate, works over a narrow range of concentrations, and is prone to absorbance effects from adulterants. (T/F) - ANSWER-False .Emitted X-rays on SEM-EDS produce - ANSWER-information regarding the presence of specific elements .Engineering - ANSWER-Investigate structural failure and investigate accidents .Engineering control - ANSWER-reduce potential hazards by isolating or removing the hazard from the work environment .Entomology - ANSWER-Determine time of death using insects .Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - ANSWER-control of hazardous waste from "cradle-to-grave" from the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 .Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) - ANSWER--enzyme-linked antigens -competitive or non-competitive -heterogeneous -uses a substrate to induce a color change -uses stop reagent to end the color change -inversely proportional .Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) - ANSWER--homogenous -enzyme oxidizes the substrate and reduces the cofactor -enzyme bound to antibodies oxidation and reduction abilities are inhibited -reduced cofactor is what is measured -directly proportional to amount of drug -liquid phase assay -mostly used in screening for synthetic drugs .Epidermis - ANSWER-varies in thickness, no blood vessels .Equation for Retention - ANSWER-k= t(retained peak) - t(non-retained peak)/t(NR) .Equipment - ANSWER-refers to freezers that store samples, thermometers, thermal cyclers, automatic pipettes, hood ventilation system, also items that measure some parameters are called more specifically instruments .Equipment file includes: - ANSWER---equipment qualification --calibrations --preventive maintenance --performance qualification testing .Equipment Inventory - ANSWER-there should be an inventory of all equipment in the laboratory, they should all have a unique ID #, and have a file .Erythrocytes are also known as: - ANSWER-red blood cells .Establishing Accuracy - ANSWER-this should be established across the specified range of the analytical procedure .Establishing Precision - ANSWER-validation of tests for assay and for quantitative determination of impurities, std deviation, coefficient of variation, confidence interval replicate analysis of control samples is generally performed on the same day and over at least 2 weeks expressed as the relative std deviation of the intraday and interday replicate analysis for each control sample. .European Ancestry "Caucasian" - ANSWER-broad range of color, pigment densities and shades, oval cross-sectional shape, curl and range of diameter is between negroid and mongoloid ancestry .Evidence from Heroin syringes - ANSWER-blood from user .Examples of Drugs that are acids - ANSWER-amobarbital, aspirin, ibuprofen, penicillins, warfarin .Examples of drugs that are bases - ANSWER-atropine, codeine, epinephrine, streptomycin, cocaine .Examples of General Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's) - ANSWER---prep of bleach soltn --Prep of soltns --Deter sig figs --Receipt and Inspection of Sample/test article --use and operation of balances, pH meters, fume hood, measuring pipettes --preventive maintenance --limitations of method .Examples of minutiae - ANSWER-bifurcation, ridge ending, island, etc .Examples of Non-porous evidence - ANSWER-plastic, glass, metal, foil .Examples of porous evidence - ANSWER-paper, unfinished wood, cardboard .Examples of Schedule I Drugs - ANSWER-heroin, LSD, and marijuana .Examples of Schedule II Drugs - ANSWER-Morphine, PCP, Cocaine, Methamphetamine .Examples of schedule III - ANSWER-anabolic steroids, codeine, hydrocodone with aspirin or acetaminophen .Examples of Schedule IV - ANSWER-benzodiazepines like Diazepam, Oxazepam .Examples of Schedule V - ANSWER-over the counter cough medicines with codeine .Exclusions for Brainstem Death - ANSWER-coma caused by the following: intoxication by drink or drugs, hypothermia, metabolic or endocrine disturbance .Exhibit should be initially examined to verify - ANSWER-the packaging is intact and no evidence of tampering, and accompanying paperwork for inconsistencies in the chain of custody .Experimental design in study protocols is concerned with obtaining data in a statistically relevant manner, which mean the following items should be done: The number of samples or subjects must be sufficiently large to provide a representative set of data the variables must be controlled a measurement is preferred over an observation all of the above - ANSWER-All of the above .Extraction Efficiency - ANSWER-concentration extraction of the sample divided by the concentration of the sample spiked .Extraction Recovery - ANSWER-efficiency of the extraction procedure, same concentration in appropriate matrix, extracted and injected into the system, repeated at least 3 times at 3 different concentrations. .Eyebrow and eyelashes - ANSWER-short, curved with finely tapered tips, thinner diameter than pubic hairs .Facilities - ANSWER-laboratory operations should be removed from each other to prevent contamination, each room should be equipped to adequately handle the function for which it was designed, separation of air exchanges may be necessary, must be secure to ensure the integrity of the samples (check-point, key cards, keypads, id badges), guest must be escorted by personnel, exits in case of fire or other emergencies should NOT be limited. .Factors affecting depth of penetration (ATR) - ANSWER-wavenumber of the radiation, RI of the crystal, angle of incidence, ratio of RIs between the sample and crystal .Factors that affect Quality Assurance and Quality Control - ANSWER-Turn-around time, quality and price Depends on the industry as to which is more important For food industry it's turn around time ex. produce industry works on positive release basis (results prior to distribution) There are situations when both are needed and this is a challenge ex. gov. commissioned food safety and quality monitoring programs Price is the rate offered to the customer. Loss leaders are when a item or service is sold below cost to attract customers .Factors that affect reproducibility for TLC - ANSWER-Stationary Phase, Mobile Phase, Developing Tank, Temperature, Development Distance, Mass of Sample .Factors that affect the amount of time the prints remain: - ANSWER-weather, air currents, humidity, print is made of sebaceous oils or mostly sweat/water, substrate is porous or non-porous .Factors that affect visibility of latent prints - ANSWER-physical condition of the person who left the print, surface of object, lighting angles, elapsed time since the prints were placed, amount of heat exposure, constituents of the print .Factors that can affect DR measurements on microspec - ANSWER-weathering, abrasion, contamination, and texture .Factors to consider during paint analyze - ANSWER-issues of the case/investigation, sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and sample collection methods .FBI Crime Lab - ANSWER-established in 1932 .FBI Questioned Documents Units Files - ANSWER-Anonymous Letter File, Bank Robbery Note File, National Fraudulent Check File, Office Equipment File and Watermark File .Features used in hair examination: - ANSWER-color, length, diameter, pigment granules (distribution, shape, and color), medulla .Fiber - TLC - ANSWER-can be used in some cases to detect and compare dye components, only considered for comparisons when its not possible to discriminate between the fibers using other techniques .Fiber Color - ANSWER-be uniform or it can vary .Fiber Diameters - ANSWER-if not uniform with in a sample a range of diameters should be noted .Fiber Dye and Color Tests/Instrumentation - ANSWER-microspectrophotometer, TLC or HPLC .Fiber Surface Characteristics - ANSWER-surface striations from the manufacturing process .Fiberglass - ANSWER-continuous and non-continuous .Fibers- Infrared Analyses - ANSWER-synthetic fibers chemical compositions can be determined, with microscope IR, by comparing to fiber reference spectra, should be done before dye extraction .Field Samples - ANSWER-Field--defined as a location other than the lab Field Documentation of samples---must be recorded in ink on bound notebook that have numbered pages, info for each sample should include: date and time of collection, name of person collecting sample, ID#, documentation that sample collection materials are clean, secure sample under specified conditions Collection of Forensic Samples (ex. urine)--consider the privacy of the individual and the integrity of the sample 1. specified toilet facility used 2. add a colored cleaning agent to the toilet, prevents dilution of sample 3. remove running water and soap from the toilet facility 4. receive specimen immediately 5. check specimen temp, seal ctgr, personnel and subject should initial the ctgr .Final Report: Research Plan - ANSWER-background info and study objectives are included along with experimental design and methods. FDA and EPA require--description of test articles, description of test system, description of methods used .Fine-quality glass or glass crystal is made from: - ANSWER-potassium-silicate formulae that includes lead oxide .Fingerprint Classified By - ANSWER-Shapes and contours of individual patterns, noting the finger positions of the pattern types, relative size determined by counting the ridges in loops and tracing the ridges in whorls .Fingerprint powder brushes are made of? - ANSWER-camelhair, squirrel hair and fiberglass .Fingerprinting Corpses - ANSWER-major case prints are obtained, use to identify/eliminate latent print evidence and identify the deceased .Fingerprints are formed where: - ANSWER-tips of fingers, toes and palms .Fingerprints are generated - ANSWER-from the dermal layer prior to birth .Fingerprints change over the course of a person's lifetime (T/F) - ANSWER-false .Firing Chamber - ANSWER-contains the cartridge when it is fired .First man-made fibers were made from - ANSWER-regenerated cellulose .First Responsibility of the Responding Officer - ANSWER-secure and protect the scene .First step of glass examination - ANSWER-possibility of physical fit .First truly synthetic fiber was: - ANSWER-nylon .Flame Ionization Detector (FID) - ANSWER-- hydrogen and air flame -compounds pass into the flame -causes organic molecules to become ionized -which results in a detectable current detector response is proportional to concentration of analyte -does not allow identification since no structural information given .Flammable Chemicals - ANSWER-stored in flammable cabinet according to their labels. .Fluorescence (HPLC) - ANSWER-sample is irradiated