AP Biology Unit 5 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AP Biology Unit 5 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Genome - Answer️️ -The genetic material of an organism or virus Chromosomes - Answer️️ -structures made of one DNA molecule and proteins Somatic Cells - Answer️️ -body cells Gametes - Answer️️ -reproductive cells Chromatin - Answer️️ -The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. Centromere - Answer️️ -Point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. Sister Chromatids - Answer️️ -Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase. Mitosis - Answer️️ -division of the nucleus into two identical daughter nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes Cytokinesis - Answer️️ -division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells(immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.) Meiosis - Answer️️ -Cell division producing haploid gametes Mitotic (M) Phase - Answer️️ -mitosis and cytokinesis Mitosis: Cell separates and divides chromosomes ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 2 Cytokines: Cell divides cytoplasm and organelles. Interphase - Answer️️ -Cell grows, replicates chromosomes, produces new organelles and cyclins. G1 phase - Answer️️ -Cell grows, duplicates organelles, and gathers materials for DNA replication. S phase - Answer️️ -DNA replication occurs G2 Phase - Answer️️ -growth and final preparation for division, nucleus well defined. Mitotic Spindle - Answer️️ -a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis Centrosome - Answer️️ -A structure that functions as the microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division, has two centrioles. Kinetochore - Answer️️ -A structure within the centromere containing the motor protein dynein. Moves the chromosomes apart during anaphase. Cell Cycle Control System - Answer️️ -A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. Cyclin - Answer️️ -a protein that regulates the cell cycle CDK - Answer️️ -(Cyclin-dependent kinases) A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. Activity rises and falls depending on the concentration of the cyclin partner. MPF - Answer️️ -(Maturation-promoting factor) a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 3 growth factors - Answer️️ -Regulatory proteins, ensure that cell division occurs properly Density Dependent Inhibition - Answer️️ -crowded cells stop dividing Prophase - Answer️️ -Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase - Answer️️ -Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase - Answer️️ -the chromatids (Mitosis) or homologous chromosomes/chromatids (Meiosis) separate and move toward opposite poles Telophase - Answer️️ -The chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rodlike appearence. A new nuclear membrane forms around each region of chromosomes. Cytokinesis in plants - Answer️️ -cell plate forms Cytokinesis in animals - Answer️️ -Cleavage furrow forms Binary Fission - Answer️️ -one cell divides to form tw