NURS 4500 - Urinary Test Questions and Answers
Treatment of Hyponatremia Correct-- IV isotonic solutions (If fluid levels are low)
- Fluid restriction (If increased fluid causing problem)
- Medications to treat symptoms
- W/ severe cases, hypertonic solutions may be used
Signs of Hypernatremia Correct-- Headache, confusion, or irritability
- Drowsiness
- Seizures
- Muscle weakness or twitching
- Tachypnea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Intense thirst
- Dry eyes or mouth
Treatment of Hypernatremia Correct-- Treatment of underlying cause
,- Fluids by mouth & IV to balance sodium & water
Normal K+ Levels Correct-- 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Symptoms of Hypokalemia Correct-- Weakness/tiredness
- Muscle cramping/weakness
- Tingling or numbness
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal bloating
- Constipation
- Palpitations
- Increased urine output
- Polydipsia
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Depression, psychosis, or confusion
- Arrhythmias
,Secondary Functions of the Kidneys Correct-- Regulating BP (Retain water & Na+ or excrete
it)
- Regulating bone density (Vit. D found in kidneys, if excreted = not holding onto calcium, hold
onto vit. d = holding onto calcium, ^ bone density)
- Erythropoietin (Hormone to increase production of Red blood cells = more hemoglobin ^ O2)
Normal Na+ Levels Correct-- 135-145 mEq/L
Signs of Hyponatremia Correct-- Nausea and vomiting
- Headache
- Confusion
- Loss of energy and fatigue
- Restlessness and irritability
- Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps
- Seizures
- Coma
Treatment of Hypokalemia Correct-- Potassium replacement
, - Severely low = IV bolus & cardiac monitor
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia Correct-- Nausea or vomiting
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness or tingling
- More severe symptoms include; arrhythmias, weak pulse, and cardiac arrest
Treatment of Hyperkalemia Correct-- Treatment of underlying cause
- Diet low in potassium
- IV dextrose (To move K+ back into cells for excretion)
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Diuretics to remove excess K+
- Dialysis if other measures are unsuccessful or if pt has kidney failure
Effects of Aging on Urinary System Correct-- Decrease in size & weight of kidney (30-90
years)
- Decreased blood flow (Body mass decrease, less force needed for pushing blood)
Treatment of Hyponatremia Correct-- IV isotonic solutions (If fluid levels are low)
- Fluid restriction (If increased fluid causing problem)
- Medications to treat symptoms
- W/ severe cases, hypertonic solutions may be used
Signs of Hypernatremia Correct-- Headache, confusion, or irritability
- Drowsiness
- Seizures
- Muscle weakness or twitching
- Tachypnea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Intense thirst
- Dry eyes or mouth
Treatment of Hypernatremia Correct-- Treatment of underlying cause
,- Fluids by mouth & IV to balance sodium & water
Normal K+ Levels Correct-- 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Symptoms of Hypokalemia Correct-- Weakness/tiredness
- Muscle cramping/weakness
- Tingling or numbness
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal bloating
- Constipation
- Palpitations
- Increased urine output
- Polydipsia
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Depression, psychosis, or confusion
- Arrhythmias
,Secondary Functions of the Kidneys Correct-- Regulating BP (Retain water & Na+ or excrete
it)
- Regulating bone density (Vit. D found in kidneys, if excreted = not holding onto calcium, hold
onto vit. d = holding onto calcium, ^ bone density)
- Erythropoietin (Hormone to increase production of Red blood cells = more hemoglobin ^ O2)
Normal Na+ Levels Correct-- 135-145 mEq/L
Signs of Hyponatremia Correct-- Nausea and vomiting
- Headache
- Confusion
- Loss of energy and fatigue
- Restlessness and irritability
- Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps
- Seizures
- Coma
Treatment of Hypokalemia Correct-- Potassium replacement
, - Severely low = IV bolus & cardiac monitor
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia Correct-- Nausea or vomiting
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness or tingling
- More severe symptoms include; arrhythmias, weak pulse, and cardiac arrest
Treatment of Hyperkalemia Correct-- Treatment of underlying cause
- Diet low in potassium
- IV dextrose (To move K+ back into cells for excretion)
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Diuretics to remove excess K+
- Dialysis if other measures are unsuccessful or if pt has kidney failure
Effects of Aging on Urinary System Correct-- Decrease in size & weight of kidney (30-90
years)
- Decreased blood flow (Body mass decrease, less force needed for pushing blood)
