ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
FatUSolubleUHormonesU-UANSWERUSteroids



WaterUSolubleUHormonesU-
UANSWERUNeedU2ndUMessengerUtoUtransportUacrossUphospholipidUmembranes




PituitaryUHormonesU-
UANSWERUTSH,UGH,UACTH,UFSH,ULH,UOxytocin,UADH,UMelanocyteUStimulatingUHormone




AnteriorUPituitaryU-
UANSWERUAcctUforU75%UofUtotalUweightUofUpituitaryUgland.UThreeUregions,UparsUdistalis,UpartsUtuberalis,Ua

ndUparsUintermedia.UParsUdistalisUisUmajorUcomponentUofUAnteriorUPituitaryUandUsourceUofUAnteriorUPituit
aryUHormones.



PosteriorUPituitaryU(neurohypophysis)U-
UANSWERUArisesUfromU3rdUventricleUofUbrain,UconsistsUofUthreeUparts,UmedianUeminence,UpituitaryUstalk,U

andUinfundibularUprocessU(parsUnervosaUorUneuralUtube).UMedianUeminenceUisUcomposedUmainlyUofUnerv
eUendingsUofUaxonsUthatUariseUprimarilyUfromUventralUhypothalamus.



HypothalamicUreleasingUHormonesUinUPosteriorUpituitary'sUmedianUeminence.U-
UANSWERUIncludesU10UhypothalamicUreleasingUhormonesUandUneurotransmittersUsuchUasUdopamine,Unor

epinephrine,Userotonin,Uacetylcholine,UandUhistamine.



PituitaryUstalkU-
UANSWERUcontainsUaxonsUofUneuronsUthatUoriginateUinUtheUsupraopticUandUparaventricularUnucleiUofUtheU

hypothalamus.



HormonesUofUposteriorUpituitaryU-UANSWERUADH,UandUOxytocinU(PeptideUHormones)

,ADHU(antidiureticUHormone)U-
UANSWERUMajorUhomeostaticUfunctionUofUposteriorUpituitaryUisUcontrolUofUplasmaUosmolality,UasUregulate

dUbyUADH



HypothalamicUhormonesUandUtargetUtissuesU(HypophysiotropicUhormones)U-
UANSWERUHORMONES:UThyrotropinUReleasingUHormoneU(TRH),UGonadotropoin-

releasingUhormoneU(GnRH),USomatostatin,UGrowthUhormone-releasingUhormoneU(GHRH),Ucorticotropin-
releasingUhormoneU(CRH),

SubstanceUP,UDopamine,UProlactin-releasingUfactor.

TARGETUTissue:UAnteriorUPituitary



SomatostatinU-UANSWERUInhibitsUreleaseUofUgrowthUhormoneUandUTSH



Gonadotropoin-releasingUhormoneU-UANSWERUStimulatesUreleaseUofUFSHUandULH



DopamineU-UANSWERUInhibitsUsynthesisUandUsecretionUofUprolactin



Prolactin-releasingUfactorU(PRF)U-UANSWERUStimulateUsecretionUofUprolactin



TropicUHormonesUofUAnteriorUPituitaryUandUtheirUfunctionU-UANSWERUACTH,UMelanocyte-
stimulatingUHormoneU(MSH,USomatotropicUhormones,UGH,Uprolactin,ULH,UTSH,UFSH,UglycoproteinUhormon
es



AdrenocorticotropicUhormoneU(ACTH)U-UANSWERUSECRETORYUCELLUTYPE:UCorticotropic

TARGETUORGANS:UAdrenalUGlandU(cortex)

FUNCTIONS:UIncreasedUsteroidogenesisU(cortisol,UandUandrogenicUhormones



Prolactin,U-UANSWERUMilkUproduction



TSHU-UANSWERUIncreasedUproductionUandUsecretionUofUthyroidUhormone

,LuteinizingUHormoneU(LH)U-UANSWERUOvulation,UprogesteroneUproductionU(inUglanulosaUcells)



FollicleUStimulatingUHormoneU(FSH)U-
UANSWERUFollicleUmaturation,UestrogenUproductionU(InUWomen:UGranulosaUCells,UInUMen:USertoliUCells)




B-LipotropinU-UANSWERUFatUbreakdownUandUreleaseUofUfattyUacidsU(Corticotropic,UfromUAdiposeUCells)



B-EndorphinsU-
UANSWERUAnalgesia;UmayUregulateUbodyUtemp,UfoodUandUwaterUintakeU(Corticotropic,UAdiposeUcells,Ubrai

nUopioidUreceptors)



ADHUfunctionsU-
UANSWERUHomeostasis,UcontrolUplasmaUosmolality.UActsUofUVasopressinU2U(V2)UreceptorsUofUrenalUtubular

UcellsUtoUincreaseUpermeabilityUwhichUleadsUtoUincreasedUwaterUreabsorptionUintoUtheUbloodUandUproduct

ionUofUmoreUconcentratedUurine,UtheseUmayUbeUinhibitedUbyUhypercalcemia,UprostaglandinUE,UandUhypok
alemia.



OsmoreceptorsU-UANSWERU



HighUlevelsUofUADHU-UANSWERUActsUonUVasopressinU1UreceptorsUcausingUvasoconstriction



ADHUsecretionUisUcontrolledUby:U-
UANSWERUosmoreceptorsUofUtheUhypothalamus.UStimulatedUbyUincreasedUplasmaUosmolality,UthenUADHUs

ecretionUisUincreased,UwaterUisUthenUreabsorbedUfromUtheUkidney,UandUplasmaUisUdilutedUtoUits'UsetpointU
osmolalityU(280UmOsm/kg).UADHUhasUanUindirectUaffectUonUelectrolyteUlevelsUdueUtoUincreasedUwaterUrea
bsorption.UElectrolytesUmayUdecrease.

ADHUsecretionUisUalsoUincreasedUbyUchangesUinUintravascularUvolumeUmonitoredUbyUmechanoreceptorsUin
UleftUatriumUandUcarotidUandUaorticUarches.UVolumeUlossUthroughUtraumaU(7%-

25%)UactsUonUreceptorsUtoUstimulateUADHUsecretion.



ADHUsecretionUdecreasedUwith:U-
UANSWERUDecreaseUinUplasmaUosmolality,UincreaseUinUintravascularUvolume,Uhypertension,UincreaseUinUes

trogen,Uprogesterone,UangiotensinUIIUlevels,UandUalcoholUingestion

, ADHU(givenUasUVasopressin)UmayUhelpUto:U-
UANSWERUIncreaseUBPUandUtoUachieveUhemostasisUduringUvolumeUlossUduringUshockUstates.




OxytocinU-
UANSWERUResponsibleUforUcontractionUofUuterusUandUmilkUejectionUinUlactation,UandUmayUeffectUspermUm

otilityUinUmen.UOxytocinUisUstimulatedUbyUsuckingUandUmechanicalUdistentionUofUfemaileUreproductionUtra
ct.UOxytocinUbindsUtoUmyoepithelialUcellsUinUmammaryUtissuesUandUcausesUtheUcontractionUofUthoseUcells.
U"letUdown"Ureflex




HormonesUofUAnteriorUPituitaryU-UANSWERUACTH,UMSH,ULH,UGH,UFSH,UandUTSH



AnteriorUPituitaryUcomposedUofUtwoUmainUcellUtypes:U-UANSWERUChromophobes,UandUchromophils

ChromophobesUappearUtoUbeUnon-
secretory,UandUChromophilsUareUsecretoryUcellsUofUtheUadenohypophysis.



ChromophilsUandUits'UsevenUsecretoryUcellUtypesU-UANSWERU



RegulationUofUanteriorUpituitaryUisUachievedUby:U-UANSWERUfeedbackUfromUhypothalamicUreleasing-
inhibitoryUhormonesUandUfactors,UandUfeedbackUfromUtargetUglandUhormonesU(cortisol,Uestrogen).



GrowthUHormoneUsecretionUisUcontrolledUbyU2UhormonesUfromUtheU__________________,U___________
___________andU________________U-UANSWERUhypothalamus,UGrowthUHormone-
releasingUhormoneU(GHRH)UwhichUreleases,UandUsomatostatinUwhichUinhibitsUGH.



GHUisUreleasedUbyUthe?U-
UANSWERUGHUisUreleasedUfromUtheUpituitaryUinUaUpulsatileUfashion,UandUoverallUsecretionUpeaksUduringUad

olescence.



GHUisUessentialUforUwhat?U-
UANSWERUGrowth,UeffectsUofUaging,Usleep,UnutritionalUstatus,Ustress,UandUreproductiveUhormones




AnabolicUfunctionsUofUGHUareUmediatedUby?U-UANSWERUpartiallyUbyUinsulin-
likeUgrowthUfactorsU(IGF's)UorUalsoUcalledUsomatomedins.