NURS 6501-Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz 1 Questions and Answers 100- Correct

NURS 6501-Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz 1 Questions and Answers 100- Correct How are cells specialized? through the process of differentiation or maturation What are the eight specialized cellular functions? movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles. What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? Cellular injury causing cellular self-digestion What is the location and function of the nucleus? the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information. What is Cytoplasm? an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles What are lysosomes and what do they do? saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates What are peroxisomes? involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide Importance of proteins in disease The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases What are mitochondria responsible for? . Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP). What is the cytoskeleton? the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments). What is the plasma membrane? encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways What is signal transduction? The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease. What do protein receptors do? on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? (1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions. What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation. How do cells communicate? (1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell. How is intercellular signaling done? contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport. What is anabolism? energy-using process of metabolism What is catabolism? the energy-releasing process of metabolism What is passive transport? The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged molecules, done through osmosis What is oxidative phosphorylation? occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. What is endocytosis and exocytosis? Endo= into the cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete). What is active transport? requires the cell to expend energy (by means of ATP) to move larger molecules and molecular complexes What is pinocytosis? the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane. (drinking) How is endocytosis done? when the substance to be transported is engulfed by a segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell. What is phagocytosis? the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. (eating) What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? receptor-mediated endocytosis to selectively take up specific molecules or complexes of molecules that cannot diffuse or move through transport proteins What is diffusion? The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. What happens after endocytosis occurs? lysosomal enzymes process and digest material What is osmosis? diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane What is filtration? the measurement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure. What is hydrostatic pressure? the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. What is oncotic pressure? Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in solution. What is osmotic pressure? The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water What is the resting membrane potential? Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest What is action potential? the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. How does DNA replicate? DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for complementary base pairing; each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative What are the four phases of the cell cycle? (1) the S phase, during which DNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus; (2) the G2 phase, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); (3) the M phase, which involves both nuclear (mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division; and (4) the G1 phase (growth phase), after which the cycle begins again. What are the four stages of the M phase (Mitosis)? prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. What is DNA composed of? deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule, and four types of nitrogenous bases. The physical structure of DNA is a double helix What does DNA polymerase do? Joins individual nucleotides to make complementary strands and proofreads the sequence of bases and corrects errors What is transcription? The process of making RNA from DNA What is translation? the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein What are diploid somatic cells? Body Cells What are haploid gametes? sperm and egg cells What is a karyotype? A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape How common are chromosome abnormalities? 1 in 150 live births, leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage What is polyploidy? condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes What is aneuploidy? Abnormal number of chromosomes. What is trisomy? 3 copies of a chromosome What is monosomy? missing one chromosome What are alleles? different versions of the same gene Compare monosomies and trisomes monosomies cause more severe physical defects than do trisomies, illustrating the principle that the loss of chromosome material has more severe consequences than the duplication of chromosome material. What are the four abnormalities of chromosome structures? deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. What is a locus? the precise location of a gene on a chromosome What is genomic imprinting? The silencing of a gene that is 'stamped' with an imprint during gamete production. What is epigenetics? the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed Recurrence risk for autosomal dominant diseases 50%