CPNRE : Pharmacology Questions and Answers well Explained Latest 2024/2025 Update 100% Correct.

Furosemide (Lasix) - Loop diuretic Decrease blood volume **watch for signs of dehydration and "hypokalemia** **should be administered in morning** Glyburide (Metformin) - oral hypoglycemic agent **must check AQ check/blood sugar prior to administration** **watch for S&S of hypoglycemia** ASA (EC ASA) - 1. Anti-inflammatory 2. Anti-pyretic 3. Analgesic **do not administer in children under 12 years of age = Rye's Syndrome*** **can cause bleeding tendencies** **baby ASA-preventative for heart disease** Amlodipine - Ca Channel blocker (decrease BP, heart rate) *may cause gingival hyperplasia Atenolol and other "olol" - Beta blocker (decreases BP, heart rate) **teach patient to rise slowly-orthostatic hypotension** Atorvastatin, Simvastatin (Zocor) - cholesterol lowering drugs ***need to be given in evenings as that is when cholesterol is manufactured the greatest*** **watch liver enzymes**calcium carbonate - calcium supplement **watch calcium levels** Carbamazepine (Tegretol) - Anticonvulsant **decreases CNS excitement** Watch for CNS depression!!! Cefazolin (Ancef) - "anti-Infectives" Antibiotic *Adverse effects-GI signs & symptoms Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - 1. Antipyretic 2. Analgesic *Can cause liver damage in excessive amounts or known liver disease Dalteparin Sodium (Fragmin) - Anticoagulant (LMWH) Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) - Narcotic analgesic **used for moderate to severe pain** Watch for signs and symptoms of CNS depression Histamine 2 Antagonist (H2 blocker) - Inhibits release of histamine, which reduces gastric acids Treatment for GERD, PUD Ferrous Gluconate (IRON) - May cause black tarry stools, constipation **check hgb levels**Given for anemia (IRON cont.)**should be taken with straw if in liquid preparation**-stains teeth *can cause GI upset, therefore taken with meals Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) - -Class: Antiemetic -EMS Indications: Nausea and vomiting as a result of vertigo, motion sickness, and narcotic administration -Adult Dosage: 50 mg SIVP/IM Repeat: q 4 hours Patients 65 years of age or older, 25 mg SIVP/IM q 15 minutes to a total maximum of 50 mg Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, or propylene glycol; Narrow angle glaucoma; Patients who have ingested large quantities of depressants (including alcohol) *Preferred antiemetic in treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with vertigo or motion sickness **Monitor patient carefully - goal is to provide symptom management without overmedicating Administer IM injections in the lateral quad (vastus lateralis) muscle Diltiazem Cardizem - Ca channel blocker TX: Hypertension Docusate Sodium—(colace) - stool softener Digoxin (Lanoxin) - Anti-Arrhythmic, cardiac glycoside **Apical heart rate is to be taken for one full minute If less than 60—hold med. Contact doctor/prescriber Dexamethasone (Decadron) - Corticosteroid—decrease inflammation **careful for adverse effects: "cushings-like" Can cause IMMUNOSUPPRESSION --protect from infections--MUST BE WEANED!!! Levothyroxine (Synthroid) - Treatment for hypothyroidism **adverse effects Hyperthyroidism** Mannitol (Osmitrol) - Osmotic diuretics. Pull fluid back into the vascular and extravascular space by increasing serum osmolality to promote osmotic changes. Used to prevent renal failure related to hypovolemia. Decrease intracranial pressure related to cerebral edema. Decrease intraocular pressure. Meperidine (Demerol) - Narcotic Analgesic, Pain [moderate to severe] (black box: potential addiction, abuse, misuse) Rapid-acting insulin analogues (clear) • Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) • Insulin glulisine (Apidra®) • Insulin lispro (Humalog®) *Bolus (prandial) insulins - Onset 10 - 15 min = Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) 10 - 15 min = Insulin glulisine (Apidra®) 10 - 15 min = Insulin lispro (Humalog®) Peak 1 - 1.5 h= Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) 1 - 1.5 h = Insulin glulisine (Apidra®) 1 - 2 h = Insulin lispro (Humalog®) Duration 3 - 5 h= Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) 3 - 5 h = Insulin glulisine (Apidra®)3.5 - 4.75 h = Insulin lispro (Humalog®) Short-acting insulins (clear) • Humulin®-R • Novolin® ge Toronto - Onset 30 min Peak 2 - 3 h Duration 6.5 h Intermediate-acting (cloudy) • Humulin® -N • Novolin® ge NPH - Onset 1 - 3 h Peak 5 - 8 h Duration Up to 18 h Long-acting insulin (clear) • Insulin detemir (Levemir®) • Insulin glargine (Lantus®) • Insulin glargine U300 (Toujeo®) - Onset 90 min = Insulin detemir (Levemir®) 90 min = Insulin glargine (Lantus®)Up to 6 h = Insulin glargine U300 (Toujeo®) Peak Not applicable Duration Up to 24h (detemir 16-24 h) = Insulin detemir (Levemir®) Up to 24h (glargine 24 h) = Insulin glargine (Lantus®) Up to 30 h = Insulin glargine U300 (Toujeo®) Premixed insulins Premixed regular insulin -NPH (cloudy) • Humulin® 30/70 • Novolin® ge 30/70, 40/60, 50/50 Premixed insulin analogues (cloudy) • Biphasic insulin aspart (NovoMix® 30) • Insulin lispro/lispro protamine (Humalog®Mix25 and Mix50) - - Lisinopril (Hydrochlorothiazide) - ACE inhibitor Antihypertensive Must check BP prior to administration Lorazepam (ATIVAN) - Antianxiety, Anticonvulsant Benzodiazepine**adverse effects- CNS depression** Metronidazole (Flagyl) - Antibiotic Nitroglycerine - 3 properties 1. Vasodilator 2. Anti-anginal 3. Anti-hypertensive