Nursing Entrance Exam Questions And Explained Answers –
Best Grade.
1. What is the outer layer of the kidney?
a) Medulla
b) Cortex
c) NepHron
d) Pyramid
Correct Answer
B. Cortex
Explanation
The correct answer is cortex. The cortex is the outer layer of the kidney. It contains the glomeruli, which are
responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. The cortex also contains the renal tubules, which reabsorb
nutrients and water from the filtrate. The medulla, on the other hand, is the inner part of the kidney and contains the
renal pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering and regulating the
composition of urine. However, in this question, the outer layer of the kidney is specifically being referred to, which is
the cortex.
2. What is the middle layer of the kidney?
a) NepHron
b) Cortex
c) Renal Medulla
d) Renal Pelvis
Correct Answer
C. Renal Medulla
Explanation
The middle layer of the kidney is called the renal medulla. It is located between the outer layer called the cortex and
the innermost part called the pyramids. The medulla contains structures called renal pyramids, which are responsible
for collecting urine and transporting it to the renal pelvis. Additionally, the medulla plays a crucial role in regulating
the concentration of urine and maintaining the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.
3. Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to irritability, loss of appetite, and beriberi?
a) Vitamin K
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin B1
d) Vitamin B6
Correct Answer
C. Vitamin B1
Explanation
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 can lead to irritability, loss of appetite, and beriberi. Beriberi is a condition characterized by
muscle weakness, nerve damage, and heart problems. Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is essential for the proper
functioning of the nervous system and the metabolism of carbohydrates. It is commonly found in foods such as whole
grains, legumes, and nuts.
, 4. What are the plasma-soluble substances that are secreted by gram-positive bacteria called?
a) Endo-toxin
b) Exotoxin
c) Toxin
d) None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Exotoxin
Explanation
Exotoxins are soluble substances that are secreted by gram-positive bacteria. These toxins are released into the
surrounding environment by the bacteria and can cause damage to host cells or tissues. Unlike endotoxins, which are
part of the bacterial cell wall and are released when the bacteria die, exotoxins are actively secreted by living
bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is exotoxin.
5. What are the soluble proteins secreted by bacteria that enter host cells called?
a) Receptors
b) Enzymes
c) Effector Proteins
d) Antibodies
Correct Answer
C. Effector Proteins
Explanation
The soluble proteins secreted by bacteria that enter host cells are commonly referred to as "effector proteins." These
proteins are part of the bacterial type III secretion system, which allows bacteria to inject these proteins directly into
the host cell.
6. What are the components of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall called?
a) Endotoxins
b) Exotoxins
c) Toxins
d) None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Endotoxins
Explanation
Gram-negative bacterial cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are known as endotoxins. These
endotoxins are released when the bacterial cell wall is damaged or destroyed, and they can cause a strong immune
response in the host organism. Exotoxins, on the other hand, are toxic substances secreted by bacteria that can cause
damage to the host even in the absence of the bacteria themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is endotoxins.
7. What causes direct damage to the cells?
a) Cytotoxins
b) Neurotoxins
c) Enterotoxin
d) Leukocidins
Correct Answer
A. Cytotoxins
Best Grade.
1. What is the outer layer of the kidney?
a) Medulla
b) Cortex
c) NepHron
d) Pyramid
Correct Answer
B. Cortex
Explanation
The correct answer is cortex. The cortex is the outer layer of the kidney. It contains the glomeruli, which are
responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. The cortex also contains the renal tubules, which reabsorb
nutrients and water from the filtrate. The medulla, on the other hand, is the inner part of the kidney and contains the
renal pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering and regulating the
composition of urine. However, in this question, the outer layer of the kidney is specifically being referred to, which is
the cortex.
2. What is the middle layer of the kidney?
a) NepHron
b) Cortex
c) Renal Medulla
d) Renal Pelvis
Correct Answer
C. Renal Medulla
Explanation
The middle layer of the kidney is called the renal medulla. It is located between the outer layer called the cortex and
the innermost part called the pyramids. The medulla contains structures called renal pyramids, which are responsible
for collecting urine and transporting it to the renal pelvis. Additionally, the medulla plays a crucial role in regulating
the concentration of urine and maintaining the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.
3. Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to irritability, loss of appetite, and beriberi?
a) Vitamin K
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin B1
d) Vitamin B6
Correct Answer
C. Vitamin B1
Explanation
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 can lead to irritability, loss of appetite, and beriberi. Beriberi is a condition characterized by
muscle weakness, nerve damage, and heart problems. Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is essential for the proper
functioning of the nervous system and the metabolism of carbohydrates. It is commonly found in foods such as whole
grains, legumes, and nuts.
, 4. What are the plasma-soluble substances that are secreted by gram-positive bacteria called?
a) Endo-toxin
b) Exotoxin
c) Toxin
d) None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Exotoxin
Explanation
Exotoxins are soluble substances that are secreted by gram-positive bacteria. These toxins are released into the
surrounding environment by the bacteria and can cause damage to host cells or tissues. Unlike endotoxins, which are
part of the bacterial cell wall and are released when the bacteria die, exotoxins are actively secreted by living
bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is exotoxin.
5. What are the soluble proteins secreted by bacteria that enter host cells called?
a) Receptors
b) Enzymes
c) Effector Proteins
d) Antibodies
Correct Answer
C. Effector Proteins
Explanation
The soluble proteins secreted by bacteria that enter host cells are commonly referred to as "effector proteins." These
proteins are part of the bacterial type III secretion system, which allows bacteria to inject these proteins directly into
the host cell.
6. What are the components of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall called?
a) Endotoxins
b) Exotoxins
c) Toxins
d) None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Endotoxins
Explanation
Gram-negative bacterial cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are known as endotoxins. These
endotoxins are released when the bacterial cell wall is damaged or destroyed, and they can cause a strong immune
response in the host organism. Exotoxins, on the other hand, are toxic substances secreted by bacteria that can cause
damage to the host even in the absence of the bacteria themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is endotoxins.
7. What causes direct damage to the cells?
a) Cytotoxins
b) Neurotoxins
c) Enterotoxin
d) Leukocidins
Correct Answer
A. Cytotoxins
