NR 507 FINAL NEW EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Dermatomes are areas of the skin that are primarily supplied by branches from a
single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root in
the spinal cord and spread out to the rest of the body.
Substance release in the synapse - ANSWER Acetylcholine- excitatory or
inhibitory- Alzheimer's
Norepi: excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission.
Dopa has two types of receptors: excitatory (H1 and H2) and inhibitory (H3
receptors). Parkinson disease
Spondylolysis is a structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch, which connects the vertebral
body to the posterior structures. The most commonly affected area is the lumbar
spine at L5.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal abnormalities.
The parietal lobe, positioned in the postcentral gyrus, is a significant location for
somatic sensory input. It is located next to the primary motor region in the
precentral gyrus.
The primary motor area (Brodmann area 4) is located along the precentral gyrus
and comprises the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
,Association fibres facilitate communication between sensory and motor systems.
Ischemic penumbra = ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue.
Peri-infarction tissue.
-No structural damage.
Cerebral infarction - ANSWER ischemic-white infarction (the afflicted area
becomes pale and soft 6-12 hours later). Necrosis appears between 48 to 72 hours.
Macrophages infiltrate and phagocytose necrotic tissue. The necrosis resolves
about the second week. glial scarring.
Excitotoxins are poisons (typically amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate
release, resulting in cell suicide.
Agnosia is the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-Tactile/Spatial-Parietal lobe
- Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides, and
numbers)- L angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object: Temporo-occipital area.
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER Bleeding into the subarachnoid space,
where cerebrospinal fluid flows.
- ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma.
-IICP stimulates meningeal tissues and causes inflammation; blood coats nerve
roots and inhibits CSF circulation.
, A compensating increase in SBP.
Meningitis - Bacterial: Meningococcus and S. Pneumococcus bacteria are most
frequent.
Viral-specific pathogens cannot be identified in CSF.
Prostate cancer prevention - ANSWER: Eat a low-fat diet.
- DRE and PSA tests prevent slow-growing cancers.
BPH and the urinary system - Answer: Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Need to urinate frequently
-Delay in starting stream
- Less force in the stream
-Urinary retention and overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis,
and renal insufficiency.
Cause of Respiratory Alkalosis: Fever
-anemia,
-anxiety or panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Dermatomes are areas of the skin that are primarily supplied by branches from a
single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root in
the spinal cord and spread out to the rest of the body.
Substance release in the synapse - ANSWER Acetylcholine- excitatory or
inhibitory- Alzheimer's
Norepi: excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission.
Dopa has two types of receptors: excitatory (H1 and H2) and inhibitory (H3
receptors). Parkinson disease
Spondylolysis is a structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch, which connects the vertebral
body to the posterior structures. The most commonly affected area is the lumbar
spine at L5.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal abnormalities.
The parietal lobe, positioned in the postcentral gyrus, is a significant location for
somatic sensory input. It is located next to the primary motor region in the
precentral gyrus.
The primary motor area (Brodmann area 4) is located along the precentral gyrus
and comprises the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
,Association fibres facilitate communication between sensory and motor systems.
Ischemic penumbra = ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue.
Peri-infarction tissue.
-No structural damage.
Cerebral infarction - ANSWER ischemic-white infarction (the afflicted area
becomes pale and soft 6-12 hours later). Necrosis appears between 48 to 72 hours.
Macrophages infiltrate and phagocytose necrotic tissue. The necrosis resolves
about the second week. glial scarring.
Excitotoxins are poisons (typically amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate
release, resulting in cell suicide.
Agnosia is the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-Tactile/Spatial-Parietal lobe
- Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides, and
numbers)- L angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object: Temporo-occipital area.
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER Bleeding into the subarachnoid space,
where cerebrospinal fluid flows.
- ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma.
-IICP stimulates meningeal tissues and causes inflammation; blood coats nerve
roots and inhibits CSF circulation.
, A compensating increase in SBP.
Meningitis - Bacterial: Meningococcus and S. Pneumococcus bacteria are most
frequent.
Viral-specific pathogens cannot be identified in CSF.
Prostate cancer prevention - ANSWER: Eat a low-fat diet.
- DRE and PSA tests prevent slow-growing cancers.
BPH and the urinary system - Answer: Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Need to urinate frequently
-Delay in starting stream
- Less force in the stream
-Urinary retention and overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis,
and renal insufficiency.
Cause of Respiratory Alkalosis: Fever
-anemia,
-anxiety or panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
