NURS5227 Exam Guide With
Complete Solution
What makes up the ECF? - ANSWER Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, lymph,
cerebrospinal, fluids of the eye
What electrolyte is more common in ICF? - ANSWER Potassium
What electrolyte is more common in ECF? - ANSWER Sodium
Where is erythropoietin produced? - ANSWER The kidneys
Afferent kidney blood flow path - ANSWER Aorta > R/L renal artery > arterioles >
capillaries > enters glomerulus
Efferent kidney blood flow path - ANSWER Glomerulus > arterioles > capillaries >
renal vein > inferior vena cava > heart
What are nephrons responsible for? - ANSWER Formation / collection of urine.
Powerhouse !
Describe the structure of the nephron - ANSWER A twisty array of branches.
Includes the renal corpuscle (glomerulus) and renal tubule
Filtrate - ANSWER The fluid filtered from blood (passes through nephron and
reabsorbed into the body)
Describe the structure of the renal tubule - ANSWER Glomerular capsule > proximal
convoluted tubule > loop of henle > distal convulted tubule > collecting duct
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? - ANSWER Where the afferent arteriole
meets the distal tubule
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do? - ANSWER Senses changes in the
,solute concentration of the filtrate. Secretes renin. Helps kidney concentrate urine.
Describe the flow of the renal system - ANSWER Kidneys > Ureters > Bladder >
Urethra
What controls urine flow? - ANSWER Gravity, peristalsis, one-way valve system
What is the muscle of the bladder wall? - ANSWER Detrusor muscle
What are the four functions of the urinary system? - ANSWER Filtration,
reabsorption, secretion, urine formation/concentration
Tubular reabsorption - ANSWER Movement of water/Na/glucose/amino acids/ions
out of the tubule and into the blood
Tubular secretion - ANSWER Movement of H+/K+/drugs/creatinine out of the blood
and into the tubule
Glomerular filtration - ANSWER Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced
through the capillary walls > glomerular capsule > renal tubule
Three steps of urine formation - ANSWER Glomerular filtration, tubular
reabsorption, tubular secretion
GFR - ANSWER Glomerular filtration rate. Volume of glomerular filtrate formed per
minute.
Describe glomerular filtration rate - ANSWER Filtration membrane like a mesh is
semipermeable. GFR is the rate of movement of fluid out of the glomerulus and into
the capsular space.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER Ensures solute/solvent movement OUT of the
capillary (arterial end)
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER Ensures solute/solvent movement IN to the capillary
(venous end)
, Describe the micturition process - ANSWER Higher volume in bladder causes
receptors to message brain. Micturition reflex triggered. Detrusor contracts, internal
urethral sphincter relaxes, there is an urge to pass urine. External urethral sphincter
relaxes, urination occurs.
ADH main function - ANSWER Regulates H2O reabsorption
Aldosterone main function - ANSWER Regulates Na+ absorption
ANP main function - ANSWER Regulates Na+ absorption
Where is ADH released from? - ANSWER Pituitary gland
Where is Aldosterone released from? - ANSWER Adrenal cortex (via
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism)
Where is ANP released from? - ANSWER Heart (cardiac muscle in atria)
How does the body attempt to recover from metabolic acidosis? - ANSWER Resp
rate increase, loss of H+. Kidneys will excrete more H+ ions into the urine
How does the body attempt to recover from metabolic alkalosis? - ANSWER Kidneys
will eliminate excessive bases
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism - ANSWER Renin from
juxtaglomerular apparatus and angiotensinogen from liver form angiotensin I. ACE
from the lungs stimulates this to become angiotensin II. This causes
vasoconstriction, thirst, and the release of ADH and aldosterone.
How much of the human body is fluid? - ANSWER 65-75%
What is the thirst centre of the brain? - ANSWER Hypothalamus
Complete Solution
What makes up the ECF? - ANSWER Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, lymph,
cerebrospinal, fluids of the eye
What electrolyte is more common in ICF? - ANSWER Potassium
What electrolyte is more common in ECF? - ANSWER Sodium
Where is erythropoietin produced? - ANSWER The kidneys
Afferent kidney blood flow path - ANSWER Aorta > R/L renal artery > arterioles >
capillaries > enters glomerulus
Efferent kidney blood flow path - ANSWER Glomerulus > arterioles > capillaries >
renal vein > inferior vena cava > heart
What are nephrons responsible for? - ANSWER Formation / collection of urine.
Powerhouse !
Describe the structure of the nephron - ANSWER A twisty array of branches.
Includes the renal corpuscle (glomerulus) and renal tubule
Filtrate - ANSWER The fluid filtered from blood (passes through nephron and
reabsorbed into the body)
Describe the structure of the renal tubule - ANSWER Glomerular capsule > proximal
convoluted tubule > loop of henle > distal convulted tubule > collecting duct
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? - ANSWER Where the afferent arteriole
meets the distal tubule
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do? - ANSWER Senses changes in the
,solute concentration of the filtrate. Secretes renin. Helps kidney concentrate urine.
Describe the flow of the renal system - ANSWER Kidneys > Ureters > Bladder >
Urethra
What controls urine flow? - ANSWER Gravity, peristalsis, one-way valve system
What is the muscle of the bladder wall? - ANSWER Detrusor muscle
What are the four functions of the urinary system? - ANSWER Filtration,
reabsorption, secretion, urine formation/concentration
Tubular reabsorption - ANSWER Movement of water/Na/glucose/amino acids/ions
out of the tubule and into the blood
Tubular secretion - ANSWER Movement of H+/K+/drugs/creatinine out of the blood
and into the tubule
Glomerular filtration - ANSWER Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced
through the capillary walls > glomerular capsule > renal tubule
Three steps of urine formation - ANSWER Glomerular filtration, tubular
reabsorption, tubular secretion
GFR - ANSWER Glomerular filtration rate. Volume of glomerular filtrate formed per
minute.
Describe glomerular filtration rate - ANSWER Filtration membrane like a mesh is
semipermeable. GFR is the rate of movement of fluid out of the glomerulus and into
the capsular space.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER Ensures solute/solvent movement OUT of the
capillary (arterial end)
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER Ensures solute/solvent movement IN to the capillary
(venous end)
, Describe the micturition process - ANSWER Higher volume in bladder causes
receptors to message brain. Micturition reflex triggered. Detrusor contracts, internal
urethral sphincter relaxes, there is an urge to pass urine. External urethral sphincter
relaxes, urination occurs.
ADH main function - ANSWER Regulates H2O reabsorption
Aldosterone main function - ANSWER Regulates Na+ absorption
ANP main function - ANSWER Regulates Na+ absorption
Where is ADH released from? - ANSWER Pituitary gland
Where is Aldosterone released from? - ANSWER Adrenal cortex (via
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism)
Where is ANP released from? - ANSWER Heart (cardiac muscle in atria)
How does the body attempt to recover from metabolic acidosis? - ANSWER Resp
rate increase, loss of H+. Kidneys will excrete more H+ ions into the urine
How does the body attempt to recover from metabolic alkalosis? - ANSWER Kidneys
will eliminate excessive bases
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism - ANSWER Renin from
juxtaglomerular apparatus and angiotensinogen from liver form angiotensin I. ACE
from the lungs stimulates this to become angiotensin II. This causes
vasoconstriction, thirst, and the release of ADH and aldosterone.
How much of the human body is fluid? - ANSWER 65-75%
What is the thirst centre of the brain? - ANSWER Hypothalamus
