Nur611 Exam 3, With 51 Questions And
Proper Answers 2024/2025
1. immunoglobulin associated with asthma: IgE
2. causes of pre-renal AKI: hypo-perfusion
BUN is higher than plasma creatinine since urea is still reabsorbed no
damage to the kidneys, reversible
ex: dehydration, severe blood loss, heart failure, cirrhosis, sepsis
3. a patient has HTN and CKD, spilling out albumin out but have a normal
GFR, what kidney failure stage are they in?: CKD stage 1
4. characteristics of PCOS: no single factor to cause most common cause of
anovulation, ovulatory dysfunction, and infertility excess androgens
ovarian follicles do not develop normally
insulin resistance --> glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia result
-aggravate the hyperandrogenic state
5. endometriosis: ectopic functional endometrial tissue -responds to hormonal
fluctuations common sites: pelvic peritoneum, ovaries
symptoms may vary but commonly include pain and infertility responds to the hormones
of the normal menstrual cycle except that the ectopic tissue does not respond to
progesterone --> bleeding occurs ectopically --> inflammatory cascade activation --> can
end up with fibrotic changes and scarring causing adhesions, infertility, and pain
6. HPV: known to cause cervical cancer
transmission via contact of surfaces of infected tissues or fluids after epithelial trauma -->
basal cells of the epithelium are infected --> the HPV virus uses the cell's nuclear DNA to
either cause increased growth that is noncancerous (warts) or uncontrolled growth
(cancer)
some can clear the infection, others cannot
smoking increases risks of persistent infection and later development of cervical cancer
infection with high-risk HPV is a necessary precursor to development of precancerous
dysplasia of the cervix leading to invasive cancer
7. what is the condition of the urethral meatus when located on the ventral
portion of the penis?: hypospadias
8. what type of renal injury can occur in BPH: post-renal obstructive uropathy
9. pulmonary embolism findings: partial or full obstruction of the pulmonary
artery
infarction of pulmonary tissue can occur
vasoconstriction-->decreased blood flow to the tissues --> with an increase in pulmonary
artery pressures --> overload the right ventricle --> RV failure
1/5
, V/Q mismatch occurs at the affected lung tissue along with a decrease in surfactant
production
10. pulmonary embolism symptoms: hypoxemia dysrhythmias chest pain
dyspnea tachypnea tachycardia panic feeling coughing up blood elevated
dimer
11. causes of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: inflammation of
the glomerulus that occurs due to injury at the glomerulus immune-mediated
secondary causes: systemic infection
12. lung cancer associated with tobacco use: small cell lung cancer
13. what makes PCOS worse?: obesity can increase the risk of insulin
resistance
14. cause of amenorrhea in a patient with no medical problems: pregnancy other
causes: anovulation, drastic weight loss, PCOS, malnutrition, excess exercise,
hypothyroidism
15. how to monitor AKI impromvement: urine output
BUN, creatinine, GFR
-no changes in creatinine until more than 50% of GFR is lost fluid
and electrolytes
16. why do CKD patients have chronic anemia: decreased production of
erythropoietin by the kidneys decreasing the number of RBCs
-less RBCs mean less O2 delivery to the kidneys causing worsening kidney function
17. uterine fibroids (leiomyomas): benign smooth muscle tumors of the myometrium
commonly between age 30-50
18. how does a unilateral renal obstruction cause hypertension: via activation of the
renin aldosterone angiotensin system increased renin--> construction of the
peripheral arterioles --> elevated BP
19. fluid imbalances in kids vs adults: kids are more susceptible to fluid imbalances
due to higher concentration of electrolytes in newborns
20. chromosome mutation in congenital polycystic kidney disease: PKD-1 on
chromosome 16 PKD-2 on chromosome 4
21. wilms tumor: genetic and epigenetic influences autosomal dominant
-mutation in one allele of a tumor suppression gene --> additional mutation needed if the
tumor is to form
-chromosome 11 for wilms tumor suppressing genes WT1 and WT2 rare
embryonal tumor of the kidney arising from undifferentiated mesoderm
22. wilms tumor symptoms: upper abdominal mass abdominal pain hematuria
fever
HTN
23. respiratory distress syndrome in premies: lack or deficient surfactant
2/5
Proper Answers 2024/2025
1. immunoglobulin associated with asthma: IgE
2. causes of pre-renal AKI: hypo-perfusion
BUN is higher than plasma creatinine since urea is still reabsorbed no
damage to the kidneys, reversible
ex: dehydration, severe blood loss, heart failure, cirrhosis, sepsis
3. a patient has HTN and CKD, spilling out albumin out but have a normal
GFR, what kidney failure stage are they in?: CKD stage 1
4. characteristics of PCOS: no single factor to cause most common cause of
anovulation, ovulatory dysfunction, and infertility excess androgens
ovarian follicles do not develop normally
insulin resistance --> glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia result
-aggravate the hyperandrogenic state
5. endometriosis: ectopic functional endometrial tissue -responds to hormonal
fluctuations common sites: pelvic peritoneum, ovaries
symptoms may vary but commonly include pain and infertility responds to the hormones
of the normal menstrual cycle except that the ectopic tissue does not respond to
progesterone --> bleeding occurs ectopically --> inflammatory cascade activation --> can
end up with fibrotic changes and scarring causing adhesions, infertility, and pain
6. HPV: known to cause cervical cancer
transmission via contact of surfaces of infected tissues or fluids after epithelial trauma -->
basal cells of the epithelium are infected --> the HPV virus uses the cell's nuclear DNA to
either cause increased growth that is noncancerous (warts) or uncontrolled growth
(cancer)
some can clear the infection, others cannot
smoking increases risks of persistent infection and later development of cervical cancer
infection with high-risk HPV is a necessary precursor to development of precancerous
dysplasia of the cervix leading to invasive cancer
7. what is the condition of the urethral meatus when located on the ventral
portion of the penis?: hypospadias
8. what type of renal injury can occur in BPH: post-renal obstructive uropathy
9. pulmonary embolism findings: partial or full obstruction of the pulmonary
artery
infarction of pulmonary tissue can occur
vasoconstriction-->decreased blood flow to the tissues --> with an increase in pulmonary
artery pressures --> overload the right ventricle --> RV failure
1/5
, V/Q mismatch occurs at the affected lung tissue along with a decrease in surfactant
production
10. pulmonary embolism symptoms: hypoxemia dysrhythmias chest pain
dyspnea tachypnea tachycardia panic feeling coughing up blood elevated
dimer
11. causes of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: inflammation of
the glomerulus that occurs due to injury at the glomerulus immune-mediated
secondary causes: systemic infection
12. lung cancer associated with tobacco use: small cell lung cancer
13. what makes PCOS worse?: obesity can increase the risk of insulin
resistance
14. cause of amenorrhea in a patient with no medical problems: pregnancy other
causes: anovulation, drastic weight loss, PCOS, malnutrition, excess exercise,
hypothyroidism
15. how to monitor AKI impromvement: urine output
BUN, creatinine, GFR
-no changes in creatinine until more than 50% of GFR is lost fluid
and electrolytes
16. why do CKD patients have chronic anemia: decreased production of
erythropoietin by the kidneys decreasing the number of RBCs
-less RBCs mean less O2 delivery to the kidneys causing worsening kidney function
17. uterine fibroids (leiomyomas): benign smooth muscle tumors of the myometrium
commonly between age 30-50
18. how does a unilateral renal obstruction cause hypertension: via activation of the
renin aldosterone angiotensin system increased renin--> construction of the
peripheral arterioles --> elevated BP
19. fluid imbalances in kids vs adults: kids are more susceptible to fluid imbalances
due to higher concentration of electrolytes in newborns
20. chromosome mutation in congenital polycystic kidney disease: PKD-1 on
chromosome 16 PKD-2 on chromosome 4
21. wilms tumor: genetic and epigenetic influences autosomal dominant
-mutation in one allele of a tumor suppression gene --> additional mutation needed if the
tumor is to form
-chromosome 11 for wilms tumor suppressing genes WT1 and WT2 rare
embryonal tumor of the kidney arising from undifferentiated mesoderm
22. wilms tumor symptoms: upper abdominal mass abdominal pain hematuria
fever
HTN
23. respiratory distress syndrome in premies: lack or deficient surfactant
2/5
