Nur611 Exam 3, With 226 Questions And Proper
Answers 2024/2025
1. What is the most common type of kidney stone?: calcium oxalate
2. what is the 'scientific name for kidney stones?: nephrolithiasis
3. how are kidney stones classified?: mineral and location
4. where is referred pain experienced with kidney stones?: umbilicus area
5. what is the pathophysiology of kidney stones?: a) supersaturation of the minerals of
the urine
b) grow through crystallization or agglomeration
c) lack of stone inhibitors (uromodulin)
6. where can kidney stones be located?: kidneys, ureters, bladder
7. what other renal disorder increases risk for nephrolithiasis and why?:
pyelonephritis with e coli, proteus or pseudomonas
these microorganisms split urea into ammonia, increasing alkaline, increasing stone
formation risk
8. What is pyelonephritis?: infection of one or both sides of the upper urinary tracts
9. what are the three elements of the upper urinary tracts?: ureter renal pelvis kidney
interstitium
10. What are the two most common underlying risk factors for pyelonephritis? (2):
urinary obstruction reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
11. what are the three most common organisms that cause pyelonephritis?: E. Coli
Proteus
Pseudomonoas
12. what is a complication of pyelonephritis wrought by the common
microorganisms and what is the pathogenesis?: Complication: kidney stones
Pathogenesis: the organisms that are usually causative split urea into ammonia, making
alkaline urine that increases the risk of stone formation
13. What are clinical manifestations for UTI in older adults? (2): confusion poorly
localized abdominal discomfort
14. what two factors account for UTI?: virulence of the pathogen efficiency of the
immune response
15. what is the most common organism in UTI?: E. coli
16. what gender is more susceptible to UTI?: females due to anatomy
17. how do you differentiate between cystitis and pylenophritis?: urine culture,
UA, clinical signs and symptoms all together
,18. what is an indication on UA of pyelonephritis?: WBC casts
19. An estimated ______% of children younger than ___ years old who develop UTI
have vesicoureteral reflux?: 30-40%
5 years old
20. what are the long term complications of vesicoureteral reflux?: renal
parenchymal injury scarrying hypertension
CKD
21. explain the pathophysiology of primary VUR: urine sweeps up into the ureter and
flow back into the bladder. An abnormally short submucosal tunnel and ureter
permits reflux by the rising pressure of the filling bladder.
22. what are secondary causes of VUR?: acquired conditions
- neurogenic bladder dysfunction
-uretal obstructions
23. what is painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis?: - considered a bladder pain
disorder
- exact cause unknown, but may include an autoimmune reaction responsible for the
inflammatory response --> mast cell activiation --> altered epithelial permeability -->
neuroinflammation --> increased sensory nerve sensitivity
24. what other diseases are associated with painful bladder syndrome?:
fibromyalgia IBS
chronic fatigue syndrome
25. what are results of painful bladder syndrome on the bladder?: inflammation
fibrosis of the bladder wall bladder volume decrease
26. What is acute glomerularnephritis?: includes renal disease in which glomerular
inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular
capillary filtration membrane through antigen-antibody complexes
27. what are the three layers of the glomerular filtrations membrane?: endothelium
basement membrane
epithelium (podocytes)
28. what are the symptoms of acute glomerularnephritis?: sudden onset hema-
turia
RBC casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome) severe
cases: edema, hypertension and impaired renal function
29. what secondary disorders are associated with chronic glomerular injury?: lupus
nephritis diabetic nephropathy
30. what are the 4 primary symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?: >=3g protein in urine
QD
hypoalbuminemia (<3g/dl)
, HLD
peripheral edema
31. what are the three primary causes of nephrotic syndrome?: 1) minimal change
disease (lipoid nephrosis) 2) membranous glomerulonephritis
3) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
32. what are the secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome? (3 common, 4
uncommon): Occur in systemic diseases
1) DM
2) amyloidosis
3) systemic lupus erythematosus Less common:
1) certain drugs
2) infections
3) malignancies
4) vascular disorders
33. By what lab values is renal insufficiency determined by?: decline in renal
function of 25% of normal (BUN/Creat)
** eGFR of 25-30ml/min **
34. How are stages of AKI determined?: changes in serum creatinine
35. what % loss of glomerular filtration is lost of change the serum creatinine?:
50%
36. What is prerenal kidney injury?: renal hypoperfusion
37. What are the 4 common causes of prerenal AKI?: 1) hypovolemia (blood loos)
2) reduced cardiac output (HFrEF)
3) systemic hypotension or hypoperfusion
4) Acute MI
38. what is intrarenal kidney injury?: within the kidney
39. what are the 4 common causes of intrarenal AKI?: 1) Acute tubular necrosis
(ATN)
2) glomerulopathies (usu immune-complex diseases)
3) vascular - ren art sten, ren vein thrombosis
4) bilateral acute pyelonephritis
40. what is postrenal kidney injury?: acute urinary tract obstruction
41. what are the 3 causes of postrenal kidney injury?: 1) bladder outlet (BPH) 2)
uretal obstruction/descruction (tumors, stones, clots)
3) neurogenic bladder
Answers 2024/2025
1. What is the most common type of kidney stone?: calcium oxalate
2. what is the 'scientific name for kidney stones?: nephrolithiasis
3. how are kidney stones classified?: mineral and location
4. where is referred pain experienced with kidney stones?: umbilicus area
5. what is the pathophysiology of kidney stones?: a) supersaturation of the minerals of
the urine
b) grow through crystallization or agglomeration
c) lack of stone inhibitors (uromodulin)
6. where can kidney stones be located?: kidneys, ureters, bladder
7. what other renal disorder increases risk for nephrolithiasis and why?:
pyelonephritis with e coli, proteus or pseudomonas
these microorganisms split urea into ammonia, increasing alkaline, increasing stone
formation risk
8. What is pyelonephritis?: infection of one or both sides of the upper urinary tracts
9. what are the three elements of the upper urinary tracts?: ureter renal pelvis kidney
interstitium
10. What are the two most common underlying risk factors for pyelonephritis? (2):
urinary obstruction reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
11. what are the three most common organisms that cause pyelonephritis?: E. Coli
Proteus
Pseudomonoas
12. what is a complication of pyelonephritis wrought by the common
microorganisms and what is the pathogenesis?: Complication: kidney stones
Pathogenesis: the organisms that are usually causative split urea into ammonia, making
alkaline urine that increases the risk of stone formation
13. What are clinical manifestations for UTI in older adults? (2): confusion poorly
localized abdominal discomfort
14. what two factors account for UTI?: virulence of the pathogen efficiency of the
immune response
15. what is the most common organism in UTI?: E. coli
16. what gender is more susceptible to UTI?: females due to anatomy
17. how do you differentiate between cystitis and pylenophritis?: urine culture,
UA, clinical signs and symptoms all together
,18. what is an indication on UA of pyelonephritis?: WBC casts
19. An estimated ______% of children younger than ___ years old who develop UTI
have vesicoureteral reflux?: 30-40%
5 years old
20. what are the long term complications of vesicoureteral reflux?: renal
parenchymal injury scarrying hypertension
CKD
21. explain the pathophysiology of primary VUR: urine sweeps up into the ureter and
flow back into the bladder. An abnormally short submucosal tunnel and ureter
permits reflux by the rising pressure of the filling bladder.
22. what are secondary causes of VUR?: acquired conditions
- neurogenic bladder dysfunction
-uretal obstructions
23. what is painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis?: - considered a bladder pain
disorder
- exact cause unknown, but may include an autoimmune reaction responsible for the
inflammatory response --> mast cell activiation --> altered epithelial permeability -->
neuroinflammation --> increased sensory nerve sensitivity
24. what other diseases are associated with painful bladder syndrome?:
fibromyalgia IBS
chronic fatigue syndrome
25. what are results of painful bladder syndrome on the bladder?: inflammation
fibrosis of the bladder wall bladder volume decrease
26. What is acute glomerularnephritis?: includes renal disease in which glomerular
inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular
capillary filtration membrane through antigen-antibody complexes
27. what are the three layers of the glomerular filtrations membrane?: endothelium
basement membrane
epithelium (podocytes)
28. what are the symptoms of acute glomerularnephritis?: sudden onset hema-
turia
RBC casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome) severe
cases: edema, hypertension and impaired renal function
29. what secondary disorders are associated with chronic glomerular injury?: lupus
nephritis diabetic nephropathy
30. what are the 4 primary symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?: >=3g protein in urine
QD
hypoalbuminemia (<3g/dl)
, HLD
peripheral edema
31. what are the three primary causes of nephrotic syndrome?: 1) minimal change
disease (lipoid nephrosis) 2) membranous glomerulonephritis
3) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
32. what are the secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome? (3 common, 4
uncommon): Occur in systemic diseases
1) DM
2) amyloidosis
3) systemic lupus erythematosus Less common:
1) certain drugs
2) infections
3) malignancies
4) vascular disorders
33. By what lab values is renal insufficiency determined by?: decline in renal
function of 25% of normal (BUN/Creat)
** eGFR of 25-30ml/min **
34. How are stages of AKI determined?: changes in serum creatinine
35. what % loss of glomerular filtration is lost of change the serum creatinine?:
50%
36. What is prerenal kidney injury?: renal hypoperfusion
37. What are the 4 common causes of prerenal AKI?: 1) hypovolemia (blood loos)
2) reduced cardiac output (HFrEF)
3) systemic hypotension or hypoperfusion
4) Acute MI
38. what is intrarenal kidney injury?: within the kidney
39. what are the 4 common causes of intrarenal AKI?: 1) Acute tubular necrosis
(ATN)
2) glomerulopathies (usu immune-complex diseases)
3) vascular - ren art sten, ren vein thrombosis
4) bilateral acute pyelonephritis
40. what is postrenal kidney injury?: acute urinary tract obstruction
41. what are the 3 causes of postrenal kidney injury?: 1) bladder outlet (BPH) 2)
uretal obstruction/descruction (tumors, stones, clots)
3) neurogenic bladder
