CHEMISTRY 154 FINAL PREPARATION EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT WELL DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH A 100 % GUARANTEED PASS
Period - ✔✔Elements in a Row
Group - ✔✔Elements in a Column
Equation for calculating the energy of one electron species. - ✔✔E = -2.178x10⁻¹⁸J x Z² x (1/n2)
where Z is the atomic number of the element
Two equations for calculating energy provided by light - ✔✔E(light) = hc/λ or E(light) = hƒ
Isovalent - ✔✔Species that have the same number of valence electrons.
Valence electrons - ✔✔The number of electrons in the s and p subshells of the occupied electronic shell
Electronic configuration - ✔✔distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical
structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals
Number of s, p, d and f orbitals. - ✔✔1 s orbitals, 3 p orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 7 f orbitals.
What does the decrease in the free energy of a system (ΔGsys) imply about the change in entropy of the
universe (ΔStotal) and the spontaneity of the change? - ✔✔ΔStotal is positive and the process is
spontaneous.
When is a process spontaneous? - ✔✔When ΔG is negative
ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔spontaneous
, Removing electrons from orbitals. - ✔✔For ions that remove electrons they are removed from the p
orbital (if any), then the s orbital (if any) and then the d orbital (if any).
Orbital diagram notation - ✔✔Each orbital is represented by a line with two arrows on top, each arrow
represents a single electron.
Ex. Orbital diagram of Nitrogen
s1 ↑↓ s2 ↑↓ p2 ↑ ↑ ↑
ΔH is positive and ΔS is negative. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔Non-
spontaneous
ΔH is negative and ΔS is negative. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔Both.
spontaneous at low temperatures
Non-spontaneous at high temperatures
ΔH is positive and ΔS is positive. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔Both.
spontaneous at high temperatures
Non-spontaneous at low temperatures
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) - ✔✔Zeff ~ Z - S
Where S is the # core electrons and Z is the # of protons.
Zeff increase when you go to the right and up.
Define state functions - ✔✔Only depends on where you started and where you finished. NOT path
dependent. Usually capital variables
What are some examples of state functions? - ✔✔Temperature (T), pressure (P), volume (V), internal
energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibb's free energy (G), potential energy (Ep)
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT WELL DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH A 100 % GUARANTEED PASS
Period - ✔✔Elements in a Row
Group - ✔✔Elements in a Column
Equation for calculating the energy of one electron species. - ✔✔E = -2.178x10⁻¹⁸J x Z² x (1/n2)
where Z is the atomic number of the element
Two equations for calculating energy provided by light - ✔✔E(light) = hc/λ or E(light) = hƒ
Isovalent - ✔✔Species that have the same number of valence electrons.
Valence electrons - ✔✔The number of electrons in the s and p subshells of the occupied electronic shell
Electronic configuration - ✔✔distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical
structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals
Number of s, p, d and f orbitals. - ✔✔1 s orbitals, 3 p orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 7 f orbitals.
What does the decrease in the free energy of a system (ΔGsys) imply about the change in entropy of the
universe (ΔStotal) and the spontaneity of the change? - ✔✔ΔStotal is positive and the process is
spontaneous.
When is a process spontaneous? - ✔✔When ΔG is negative
ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔spontaneous
, Removing electrons from orbitals. - ✔✔For ions that remove electrons they are removed from the p
orbital (if any), then the s orbital (if any) and then the d orbital (if any).
Orbital diagram notation - ✔✔Each orbital is represented by a line with two arrows on top, each arrow
represents a single electron.
Ex. Orbital diagram of Nitrogen
s1 ↑↓ s2 ↑↓ p2 ↑ ↑ ↑
ΔH is positive and ΔS is negative. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔Non-
spontaneous
ΔH is negative and ΔS is negative. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔Both.
spontaneous at low temperatures
Non-spontaneous at high temperatures
ΔH is positive and ΔS is positive. Is the process spontaneous or non-spontaneous? - ✔✔Both.
spontaneous at high temperatures
Non-spontaneous at low temperatures
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) - ✔✔Zeff ~ Z - S
Where S is the # core electrons and Z is the # of protons.
Zeff increase when you go to the right and up.
Define state functions - ✔✔Only depends on where you started and where you finished. NOT path
dependent. Usually capital variables
What are some examples of state functions? - ✔✔Temperature (T), pressure (P), volume (V), internal
energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibb's free energy (G), potential energy (Ep)
