Nur611 Exam 2 With 196 Questions And Proper Answers 2024/2025
1. What are the two primary mechanisms for hormonal imbalances (high or
low)?: 1) inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered to the target cell
2) inappropriate responses by the target cell
2. What are 4 reasons for inappropriate hormone amounts?: 1) endocrine gland
disorders causing inappropriate synthesis
2) failure of the feedback systems
3) dysfunctional or ectopically produced hormone
4) defects in delivery of the hormone in the blood stream
3. what does ADH stand for? What does it do?: - antidiuretic hormone
- holds onto water
4. What condition is associated with TBI leading to increased water excretion?:
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
5. What happens during diabetes insipidus and how does the body attempt to
correct the problem?: Decreased excretion of ADH
increased water excretion = polyuria
hypovolemia
polydipsia - increased thirst, attempt to make up for volume loss
6. What endocrine gland is responsible for diabetes insipidus?: posterior pituitary
gland
7. What endocrine gland is responsible for SIADH?: posterior pituitary gland
8. What does SIADH stand for?: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
9. What is SIADH characterized by?: high levels of ADH - dilutional hyponatremia
and hypervolemia
10. What different diseases is SIADH associated with?: - ectopic excretion by tumor
cells
- pulmonary disorders
- CNS disorders
11. What is the thyroid gland associated with?: metabolism, growth, development
12. What kind of feedback loop is used by the thyroid?: negative feedback loop
13. Describe the loop of thyroid feedback?: T3 T4 decrease below normal,
hypothalamus releases TRH, pituitary stimulated to produce TSH, thyroid gland produce
T3 T4
hormones rise, hypothalamus turns off TRH, stopping pituitary release of TSH
14. what lab value is associated with hypOthyroidism?: high TSH
, (body trying to increase T3/T4, but. body not responding, thus more TSH, continuing
loop)
15 What lab value is associated with hypERthyroidism?: low TSH
(body sees to much T3/T4, stops TSH production)
16. What is hypOthyroidism characterized by?: decreased T3/T4 = decreased
metabolism.
Sx: constipation, bradycardia, dyspnea, lethargy
17. What condition is associated with hypERthyroidism?: Graves Disease
18. What does Graves Disease results from?: Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction in
which there is an antibody response against the TSH receptor
19. What is the most common form of DM1?: immune-mediated diabetes
20. What is Type 1 DM?: pancreatic dysfunction secondary to Type 1 Beta-cell
destruction
ABSOLUTE INSULIN DEFICIENCY
21. Are DM1 patients usually obese?: No, they are not usually obese
22. What is Type 2 DM?: a chronic metabolic disease characterized by defects in
pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin resistance on target tissues, resultant
hyperglycemia
23. What is insulin resistance?: suboptimal response of insulin-sensitive tissues
(esp liver, muscle, and adipose) to insulin
24. What is GLP-1?: - glucagon-like peptide 1
- incretin that aims to reduce BG, improvs beta-cell responsiveness in pre-diabetes and
DMT2
25. What is one of the most important contributors to both insulin resistance and
diabetes?: obesity
26. What are the 4 primary complications of diabetes?: 1) DKA
2) HHNKS
3) Microvascular disease
4) Macrovascular disease
27. Why is screening for DM important?: complications are signficant
28. What is the best test to check long term glucose control?: HgbA1c - glycosylated
hemoglobin
29. Over what period of time does HgbA1c check glucose control?: 3-4 months
30. What is DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis
1. What are the two primary mechanisms for hormonal imbalances (high or
low)?: 1) inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered to the target cell
2) inappropriate responses by the target cell
2. What are 4 reasons for inappropriate hormone amounts?: 1) endocrine gland
disorders causing inappropriate synthesis
2) failure of the feedback systems
3) dysfunctional or ectopically produced hormone
4) defects in delivery of the hormone in the blood stream
3. what does ADH stand for? What does it do?: - antidiuretic hormone
- holds onto water
4. What condition is associated with TBI leading to increased water excretion?:
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
5. What happens during diabetes insipidus and how does the body attempt to
correct the problem?: Decreased excretion of ADH
increased water excretion = polyuria
hypovolemia
polydipsia - increased thirst, attempt to make up for volume loss
6. What endocrine gland is responsible for diabetes insipidus?: posterior pituitary
gland
7. What endocrine gland is responsible for SIADH?: posterior pituitary gland
8. What does SIADH stand for?: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
9. What is SIADH characterized by?: high levels of ADH - dilutional hyponatremia
and hypervolemia
10. What different diseases is SIADH associated with?: - ectopic excretion by tumor
cells
- pulmonary disorders
- CNS disorders
11. What is the thyroid gland associated with?: metabolism, growth, development
12. What kind of feedback loop is used by the thyroid?: negative feedback loop
13. Describe the loop of thyroid feedback?: T3 T4 decrease below normal,
hypothalamus releases TRH, pituitary stimulated to produce TSH, thyroid gland produce
T3 T4
hormones rise, hypothalamus turns off TRH, stopping pituitary release of TSH
14. what lab value is associated with hypOthyroidism?: high TSH
, (body trying to increase T3/T4, but. body not responding, thus more TSH, continuing
loop)
15 What lab value is associated with hypERthyroidism?: low TSH
(body sees to much T3/T4, stops TSH production)
16. What is hypOthyroidism characterized by?: decreased T3/T4 = decreased
metabolism.
Sx: constipation, bradycardia, dyspnea, lethargy
17. What condition is associated with hypERthyroidism?: Graves Disease
18. What does Graves Disease results from?: Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction in
which there is an antibody response against the TSH receptor
19. What is the most common form of DM1?: immune-mediated diabetes
20. What is Type 1 DM?: pancreatic dysfunction secondary to Type 1 Beta-cell
destruction
ABSOLUTE INSULIN DEFICIENCY
21. Are DM1 patients usually obese?: No, they are not usually obese
22. What is Type 2 DM?: a chronic metabolic disease characterized by defects in
pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin resistance on target tissues, resultant
hyperglycemia
23. What is insulin resistance?: suboptimal response of insulin-sensitive tissues
(esp liver, muscle, and adipose) to insulin
24. What is GLP-1?: - glucagon-like peptide 1
- incretin that aims to reduce BG, improvs beta-cell responsiveness in pre-diabetes and
DMT2
25. What is one of the most important contributors to both insulin resistance and
diabetes?: obesity
26. What are the 4 primary complications of diabetes?: 1) DKA
2) HHNKS
3) Microvascular disease
4) Macrovascular disease
27. Why is screening for DM important?: complications are signficant
28. What is the best test to check long term glucose control?: HgbA1c - glycosylated
hemoglobin
29. Over what period of time does HgbA1c check glucose control?: 3-4 months
30. What is DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis
