Nur611 Exam 1 Review– With 104 Questions And
Proper Answers 2024/2025
1. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
Dismantling
Inflammatory process
2. Necrosis: Irreversible injury of cells/tissues
Leakage of contents
(e.g. myocardial infarction)
3. Cellular Adaptation: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
4. Cellular Metabolism: ATP=energy BUT needs O2 (aerobic metabolism)
A decrease in ATP levels causes plasma membrane's Na/K pump and Na/Ca exchange to
fail
Intracellular accumulation of Na and Ca, and diffusion of K out of the cell.
Na and H2O can then enter cell freely, and cellular swelling results
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
5. free radicals: Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
electron
6. free radials becoming stabilized: Having one unpaired electron makes the
molecule unstable; to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one
7. Free radials cause damage: Injurious chemical bond formation with protein,
lipids, carbs--key molecules and nucleic acids
Damage includes: CV alterations, HTN, IHD, HF, and DM
8. Cellular injury: leakage of lysosomes lysosomes stop DNA and RNA synthesis
ethanol (acetalaldehyde)
radiation
9. Cellular aging: muscular atrophy (sarcopenia) stiffness/rigidity of systems:
-peripheral vascular resistance increases
-decreased production of HCL leads to delayed gastric emptying
-decreased immune response
-decrease in total body K and decreased cellular mass
-increase in Na/K ratio suggests that decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an
increase in extracellular compartment
10. Aneuploidy: A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are
present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
, Aneuploid cells do NOT contain multiple of 23 chromosomes
11 Penetrance: The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually
displays the phenotype associated with the genotype.
12. Expressivity: the degree to which a genotype is expressed in an individual
13. Volatile acids: Can move from LIQUID ’ GAS and then be exhaled via the
LUNGS
i.e. carbonic acid
14. Non-volatile acids: CANNOT change into gas form, therefore are excreted via the
KIDNEY
i.e. lactic, ketoacids, sulfuric, phosphoric acids
15. incidence rate: number of new cases of a disease
16. prevalence rate: Total number of people infected at one time in a population,
regardless of when the disease began.
17. relative risk: The IR of a disease in a population exposed to a particular factor ÷ the
IR of those not exposed
18. Hypermethylation: Inactivates transcription of DNA
19. DNA sequence mutations: cannot be directly altered
20. miRNA methylation: When miRNA genes are methylated, then mRNA genes are
over-expressed, which is associated with metastasis
21. monozygotic twins and genetics: Monozygotic twins can have different disease
profiles due to epigenetic modification
As twins age, they demonstrate increased differences in methylation patterns of their
DNA sequences, causing an increased number of phenotypic differences.
22. Natriuretic peptides: include BNP and ANP and are elevated in patients with HF to
promote vasodilation and diuresis due to increased stretching of the mycoardium
(volume overload causing frank-starling mechanism for maximal contraction).
ANP (atria)
BNP (ventricles)
Natriuretic peptides are antagonists of RAAS!!!
They decrease BP and increase Na and H2O excretion.
2/8
Proper Answers 2024/2025
1. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
Dismantling
Inflammatory process
2. Necrosis: Irreversible injury of cells/tissues
Leakage of contents
(e.g. myocardial infarction)
3. Cellular Adaptation: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
4. Cellular Metabolism: ATP=energy BUT needs O2 (aerobic metabolism)
A decrease in ATP levels causes plasma membrane's Na/K pump and Na/Ca exchange to
fail
Intracellular accumulation of Na and Ca, and diffusion of K out of the cell.
Na and H2O can then enter cell freely, and cellular swelling results
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
5. free radicals: Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
electron
6. free radials becoming stabilized: Having one unpaired electron makes the
molecule unstable; to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one
7. Free radials cause damage: Injurious chemical bond formation with protein,
lipids, carbs--key molecules and nucleic acids
Damage includes: CV alterations, HTN, IHD, HF, and DM
8. Cellular injury: leakage of lysosomes lysosomes stop DNA and RNA synthesis
ethanol (acetalaldehyde)
radiation
9. Cellular aging: muscular atrophy (sarcopenia) stiffness/rigidity of systems:
-peripheral vascular resistance increases
-decreased production of HCL leads to delayed gastric emptying
-decreased immune response
-decrease in total body K and decreased cellular mass
-increase in Na/K ratio suggests that decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an
increase in extracellular compartment
10. Aneuploidy: A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are
present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
, Aneuploid cells do NOT contain multiple of 23 chromosomes
11 Penetrance: The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually
displays the phenotype associated with the genotype.
12. Expressivity: the degree to which a genotype is expressed in an individual
13. Volatile acids: Can move from LIQUID ’ GAS and then be exhaled via the
LUNGS
i.e. carbonic acid
14. Non-volatile acids: CANNOT change into gas form, therefore are excreted via the
KIDNEY
i.e. lactic, ketoacids, sulfuric, phosphoric acids
15. incidence rate: number of new cases of a disease
16. prevalence rate: Total number of people infected at one time in a population,
regardless of when the disease began.
17. relative risk: The IR of a disease in a population exposed to a particular factor ÷ the
IR of those not exposed
18. Hypermethylation: Inactivates transcription of DNA
19. DNA sequence mutations: cannot be directly altered
20. miRNA methylation: When miRNA genes are methylated, then mRNA genes are
over-expressed, which is associated with metastasis
21. monozygotic twins and genetics: Monozygotic twins can have different disease
profiles due to epigenetic modification
As twins age, they demonstrate increased differences in methylation patterns of their
DNA sequences, causing an increased number of phenotypic differences.
22. Natriuretic peptides: include BNP and ANP and are elevated in patients with HF to
promote vasodilation and diuresis due to increased stretching of the mycoardium
(volume overload causing frank-starling mechanism for maximal contraction).
ANP (atria)
BNP (ventricles)
Natriuretic peptides are antagonists of RAAS!!!
They decrease BP and increase Na and H2O excretion.
2/8
