SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM WITH 100% ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS
Threats !to !internal !validity !include: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Testing, !maturation, !procedural !
infidelity
Match !the !definition. !2A. !Events !that !occur !during !the !experiment !but !that !are !not !related !to !
planned !procedural !changes !that !may !influence !the !outcome !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-History
2B. !Changes !in !behavior !due !to !the !passage !of !time !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Maturation
2C. !Occurs !when !participants !need !to !respond !to !the !same !test !repeatedly !during !a !baseline !or !
probe !condition, !which !influences !responding !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Testing
Threats !related !to !the !measurement !system, !and !are !of !concern !because !of !repeated !
measurement !by !human !observers !who !may !make !errors !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Data !instability
Inconsistent !implementation !of !the !experimental !condition !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Procedural !
infidelity
The !loss !of !participants !during !a !study, !which !limits !the !generality !of !findings !- !correct !Answers !
✔✔ !-Attrition
Occurs !when !a !participant's !behavior !is !influenced !by !more !than !one !planned !intervention !during !
the !course !of !a !study !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Multiple !treatment !interference
A !type !of !data !instability !that !refers !to !a !repeated !and !predictable !pattern !in !the !data !series !
over !time !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Cyclical !variability
Carryover !Effects !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !--Refers !for !an !effect !of !being !tested !in !one !state !on !
participants' !behavior !in !later !situations
- !May !occur !in !a !within-subject !trial !when !the !effect !of !a !particular !level !of !the !self-independent !
variable !persists !even !after !the !treatment !finishes
The !hypothesis !that !states !that !there !is !no !significant !difference !between !samples !is: !- !correct !
Answers !✔✔ !-The !Null !Hypothesis
, Amanda !is !an !RBT !at !an !ABA !clinic. !She !is !working !with !her !client, !Jerrell, !to !decrease !aggressive !
behaviors !(i.e., !biting !others). !She !has !collected !data !for !the !frequency !of !Jerrell's !bites !for !three !
weeks. !Calculate !the !mean, !median, !and !mode !of !the !following !data !set !(round !to !the !nearest !
whole !number):
Week !1: !12, !11, !10, !22, !22
Week !2: !7, !8, !13, !21, !17
Week !3: !16, !7, !9, !3, !0 !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Mean= !12, !Median=11, !Mode=7,22
Dr. !Jones !wanted !to !know !if !the !use !of !the !Good !Behavior !Game !decreased !rates !of !disruptive !
behaviors !in !an !elementary !school. !Dr. !Jones !collected !data !throughout !the !duration !of !the !
school !year !across !two !elementary !schools. !In !school !A, !all !k-6 !classrooms !used !the !Good !Behavior
!Game. !In !School !B, !no !classrooms !used !the !Good !Behavior !Game. !At !the !end !of !the !school !year, !
Dr. !Jones !concluded !that !the !Good !Behavior !Game !had !no !impact !on !student !disruptive !behavior, !
when !in !fact !it !had. !This !is !an !example !of: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-A !Type !2 !Error
The !primary !purpose !of !the !method !section !is !to: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Detail !the !plan !of !study !
being !proposed.
allows !the !readers !to !evaluate !and !judge !the !study's !validity !and !reliability
Which !fo !the !following !is !true !about !single !case !research !design? !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Most !
studies !include !one !participant
These !data !show !which !of !the !following: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-A !change !in !variability
Which !of !the !following !is !a !limitation !of !using !statistical !significance !to !differentiate !between !
meaningful !and !trivial !change? !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-All !of !the !above
Which !of !the !following !is !a !limitation !of !group !design? !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-All !of !the !above
Dr. !Lestremau !is !employed !in !a !large !urban !school !district !with !10 !elementary !schools. !She !wants !
to !evaluate !the !effects !and !feasibility !of !peer-mediated, !school-based, !discrete !trial !training !for !
teaching !multiplication !skills !to !six !students !with !autism !spectrum !disorder. !She !will !collect !on-
going !and !frequent !measurement !of !students' !fluency !with !multiplication !facts. !Dr. !Lestremau !is !
using: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Single !case !research !design !methodology
Kacyn !is !a !BCBA !at !an !ABA !Center. !She !is !running !a !small !social !skills !group !with !6 !children !who !
have !autism !spectrum !disorder. !Kacyn !is !using !the !"Tough !Kids !Social !Skills !Curriculum." !The !goal !
of !the !social !skills !sessions !is !to !build !basic !social !entry !skills !(e.g., !making !eye !contact, !greetings, !
responding !to !name). !Prior !to !the !start !of !the !group, !Kacyn !collected !data !for !each !of !the !
participants. !Specifically, !she !asked !the !therapists !to !complete !the !BASC-2 !(a !rating !scale !that !
measures !changes !in !behavior !and !emotional !status) !and !also !collected !the !frequency !of !
spontaneous !greetings !during !a !30-minute !observation !period. !She !continued !to !collect !data !for !
SOLUTIONS
Threats !to !internal !validity !include: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Testing, !maturation, !procedural !
infidelity
Match !the !definition. !2A. !Events !that !occur !during !the !experiment !but !that !are !not !related !to !
planned !procedural !changes !that !may !influence !the !outcome !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-History
2B. !Changes !in !behavior !due !to !the !passage !of !time !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Maturation
2C. !Occurs !when !participants !need !to !respond !to !the !same !test !repeatedly !during !a !baseline !or !
probe !condition, !which !influences !responding !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Testing
Threats !related !to !the !measurement !system, !and !are !of !concern !because !of !repeated !
measurement !by !human !observers !who !may !make !errors !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Data !instability
Inconsistent !implementation !of !the !experimental !condition !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Procedural !
infidelity
The !loss !of !participants !during !a !study, !which !limits !the !generality !of !findings !- !correct !Answers !
✔✔ !-Attrition
Occurs !when !a !participant's !behavior !is !influenced !by !more !than !one !planned !intervention !during !
the !course !of !a !study !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Multiple !treatment !interference
A !type !of !data !instability !that !refers !to !a !repeated !and !predictable !pattern !in !the !data !series !
over !time !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Cyclical !variability
Carryover !Effects !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !--Refers !for !an !effect !of !being !tested !in !one !state !on !
participants' !behavior !in !later !situations
- !May !occur !in !a !within-subject !trial !when !the !effect !of !a !particular !level !of !the !self-independent !
variable !persists !even !after !the !treatment !finishes
The !hypothesis !that !states !that !there !is !no !significant !difference !between !samples !is: !- !correct !
Answers !✔✔ !-The !Null !Hypothesis
, Amanda !is !an !RBT !at !an !ABA !clinic. !She !is !working !with !her !client, !Jerrell, !to !decrease !aggressive !
behaviors !(i.e., !biting !others). !She !has !collected !data !for !the !frequency !of !Jerrell's !bites !for !three !
weeks. !Calculate !the !mean, !median, !and !mode !of !the !following !data !set !(round !to !the !nearest !
whole !number):
Week !1: !12, !11, !10, !22, !22
Week !2: !7, !8, !13, !21, !17
Week !3: !16, !7, !9, !3, !0 !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Mean= !12, !Median=11, !Mode=7,22
Dr. !Jones !wanted !to !know !if !the !use !of !the !Good !Behavior !Game !decreased !rates !of !disruptive !
behaviors !in !an !elementary !school. !Dr. !Jones !collected !data !throughout !the !duration !of !the !
school !year !across !two !elementary !schools. !In !school !A, !all !k-6 !classrooms !used !the !Good !Behavior
!Game. !In !School !B, !no !classrooms !used !the !Good !Behavior !Game. !At !the !end !of !the !school !year, !
Dr. !Jones !concluded !that !the !Good !Behavior !Game !had !no !impact !on !student !disruptive !behavior, !
when !in !fact !it !had. !This !is !an !example !of: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-A !Type !2 !Error
The !primary !purpose !of !the !method !section !is !to: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Detail !the !plan !of !study !
being !proposed.
allows !the !readers !to !evaluate !and !judge !the !study's !validity !and !reliability
Which !fo !the !following !is !true !about !single !case !research !design? !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Most !
studies !include !one !participant
These !data !show !which !of !the !following: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-A !change !in !variability
Which !of !the !following !is !a !limitation !of !using !statistical !significance !to !differentiate !between !
meaningful !and !trivial !change? !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-All !of !the !above
Which !of !the !following !is !a !limitation !of !group !design? !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-All !of !the !above
Dr. !Lestremau !is !employed !in !a !large !urban !school !district !with !10 !elementary !schools. !She !wants !
to !evaluate !the !effects !and !feasibility !of !peer-mediated, !school-based, !discrete !trial !training !for !
teaching !multiplication !skills !to !six !students !with !autism !spectrum !disorder. !She !will !collect !on-
going !and !frequent !measurement !of !students' !fluency !with !multiplication !facts. !Dr. !Lestremau !is !
using: !- !correct !Answers !✔✔ !-Single !case !research !design !methodology
Kacyn !is !a !BCBA !at !an !ABA !Center. !She !is !running !a !small !social !skills !group !with !6 !children !who !
have !autism !spectrum !disorder. !Kacyn !is !using !the !"Tough !Kids !Social !Skills !Curriculum." !The !goal !
of !the !social !skills !sessions !is !to !build !basic !social !entry !skills !(e.g., !making !eye !contact, !greetings, !
responding !to !name). !Prior !to !the !start !of !the !group, !Kacyn !collected !data !for !each !of !the !
participants. !Specifically, !she !asked !the !therapists !to !complete !the !BASC-2 !(a !rating !scale !that !
measures !changes !in !behavior !and !emotional !status) !and !also !collected !the !frequency !of !
spontaneous !greetings !during !a !30-minute !observation !period. !She !continued !to !collect !data !for !
