Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 3

Which of the following phrases best defines something that is hydrophobic? - answer-a substance that does not mix with water Which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic/ hydrophilic? - answer- If you were to throw many phospholipids into an aqueous solution, which of the following would you observe? - answer-phosphate heads and lipid tails would orient away from each other, with the phosphate heads facing either the extracellular or intracellular fluid and the tails facing each other Bilayer - answer-two rows of phospholipids that form a sheet with tails facing each other and heads on either side facing the aqueous solution Micelles - answer-droplets of phospholipids containing a lipid core/center Liposomes - answer-a double membrane droplet containing proteins along the center and an aqueous core What are the parts of the phospholipid bilayer? - answer- What describes the function of membrane proteins? - answer-to serve as a channel for the transport of molecules between extracellular and intracellular fluid; to provide structural stability for the cell; to allow for cell-cell communication; to combine with a carbohydrate, providing an immune response and/or cell recognition You find a cell lacks transmembrane proteins. Which loss of function would you expect to observe in this cell? - answer-an inability to transport ions, nutrients, and other substances across the membrane What is the importance of having routine pap tests? - answer-to screen for potentially cancerous cells Which of the following statements best describes cancer? - answer-it is a rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells Megan goes in to see her oncologist. He tells her that the cancer is no longer isolated to her ovaries but has moved to her lungs, digestive organs, and lymph nodes. What is this condition defined as? - answer-metastasis If you are a cytologist screening for cancerous cells in a pap smear sample, what would you be looking for? - answer-large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm Upon looking at a tissue sample, you see all the signs indicative of epithelial cell dysplasia. Can you conclude with certainty that the sample is cancerous? - answer-no, trauma as well as HPV infections can cause cellular abnormalities, which are not necessarily cancerous Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid? - answer-plasma and interstitial fluid Which cytoskeletal protein allows for intracellular transport of organelles? - answer-tubulin What are the parts in a cell? - answer- The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as the - answer-lumen The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment - answer-external The fluid substance of blood is called - answer-plasma Define interstitial fluid, indicating whether it is inside or outside cells (intracellular or extracellular) - answer-interstitial fluid is extracellular fluid outside the circulatory system and the cells Which of the following is a membrane lipid? - answer-cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingolipids A liposome is - answer-an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle If the adrenal cortex produces lipid based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? - answer-smooth endoplasmic reticulum ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. - answer-transmembrane ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. - answer-peripheral Cell membranes are mainly constructed from __________ - answer-lipids and proteins The more metabolically active a membrane is, the more __________ it contains. - answer-proteins Process of central dogma (DNA-> RNA->Protein) - answer--Double stranded DNA -Transcription of RNA -mRNA binds to a ribosome -Ribosome/mRNA complex attaches to endoplasmic reticulum -Translation of proteins that function in cytoplasm or most organelles/ Translation of proteins that function in membranes or lysosomes or are destined for secretion Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? - answer-lysosome The thickest protein fibers from the following group are - answer-microtubules Ribosomal RNA is formed by - answer-nucleoli Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is TRUE except one. Identify the exception - answer-the mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception. - answer-RNA Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? - answer-proteins If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to - answer-digest cellular wastes and bacteria Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? - answer-acid The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? - answer-ribosomes Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. - answer-1, 3, 4, 2 These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules. - answer-peroxisomes Cells are transformed into specialized units during - answer-differentiation E