Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1 With
Correct Answers
Cardiac jBlood jFlow j- jANS-o jFrom jbody
o jThrough:
♣ jVena jcavas
♣ jRight jatrium
♣ jTricuspid jvalve
♣ jRight jventricle
♣ jPulmonic jvalve
♣ jPulmonary jartery
o jTo jlungs
♣ jPulmonary jvein
♣ jLeft jatrium
♣ jMitral jvalve
♣ jLeft jventricle
♣ jAortic jvalve
o jBack jto jbody
Cardiac jAnatomy j- jANS-The jheart jis jthe jsize jof ja jclosed jfist
2/3 jof jthe jheart jis jto jthe jleft jof jthe jmidline
1/3 junder jthe jsternum
heart jlayers j- jANS-Endocardium j( jinner)
myocardium j( jmiddle)
Pericardium j( jouter)
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j0 j- jANS-rapid jdepolarization
Sodium jinflux jd/t jvoltage-gated jsodium jchannels jopening
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j1 j- jANS-initial jrepolarization jof jcells
voltage jgated jsodium jchannels jclosed
voltage jgated jpotassium jchannels jopen
Potassium jleaves jcell jslowly
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j2 j- jANS-plateau jphase
voltage jgated jcalcium jchannels jopen
, influx jof jcalcium jinto jthe jcell
balances jpotassium jefflux
calcium jinflux jtriggers jmore jcalcium jfrom jsarcoplasmic jreticulum j> jmyocardial
jcontraction
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j3 j- jANS-Rapid jRepolarization jw/ jpotassium jefflux
voltage jgated jpotassium jchannels jopen
voltage jgated jcalcium jchannels jclose
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j4 j- jANS-resting jmembrane jpotential, j-85 jmV
High jpotassium jpermeability jfrom jthe jpotassium jchannels
Potassium jimbalance jaffect jon jmyocardial jaction jpotentials j- jANS-Hypokalemia-
increased jatrial jpreload jleads jto j1-3 jdegree jblocks
Hyperkalemia-slows jdepolarization, jleads jto jsunus jbradycardia jand jjunctional jrhythm
Calcium jimbalance jaffect jon jmyocardial jaction jpotentials j- jANS-Hypocalcemia-
decreased jcontractility
Hypercalcemia-increased jcontractility>ST jand jPJCs, jvasoconstriction
Magnesium jimbalance jeffect jon jthe jCardiovascular jsystem j- jANS-Magnesium jcauses
jvasodilation
Cardiac jOutput j(CO) j- jANS-Amount jof jblood jpumped jin j1 jminute j(~5 jL)
HR jx jStroke jvolume
Stroke jVolume j(SV) j- jANS-measurement jof jthe jamount jof jblood jejected jfrom ja
jventricle jin jone jcontraction
depends jon jpreload, jendogenous jinotropic jagents, jnegative jinotropic jagents,
jmyocardial joxygenation
Ejection jFraction j(EF) j- jANS-percentage jof jblood jvolume jin jthe jventricles jat jthe jend
jof jdiastole jthat jis jejected jduring jsystole; ja jmeasurement jof jcontractility
Stroke jvolume/end jdiastolic jvolume
Normal j= j55-65%
EF jdecreases jw/ jsystolic jheart jfailure jbut jno jchange jwith jdiastolic jheart jfailure
Cardiac jCycle: jDiastole j- jANS-Ventricles jrelaxed
Blood jentering jatria
Blood jflows jthrough jAV jvalves jinto jventricles
Semilunar jvalves jare jclosed
Cardiac jCycle: jSystole j- jANS-Ventricles jcontract
Blood jpushes jagainst jAV jvalves jand jthey jshut
Blood jpushes jthrough jsemilunar jvalves jinto jaorta jand jpulmonary jtrunk
Correct Answers
Cardiac jBlood jFlow j- jANS-o jFrom jbody
o jThrough:
♣ jVena jcavas
♣ jRight jatrium
♣ jTricuspid jvalve
♣ jRight jventricle
♣ jPulmonic jvalve
♣ jPulmonary jartery
o jTo jlungs
♣ jPulmonary jvein
♣ jLeft jatrium
♣ jMitral jvalve
♣ jLeft jventricle
♣ jAortic jvalve
o jBack jto jbody
Cardiac jAnatomy j- jANS-The jheart jis jthe jsize jof ja jclosed jfist
2/3 jof jthe jheart jis jto jthe jleft jof jthe jmidline
1/3 junder jthe jsternum
heart jlayers j- jANS-Endocardium j( jinner)
myocardium j( jmiddle)
Pericardium j( jouter)
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j0 j- jANS-rapid jdepolarization
Sodium jinflux jd/t jvoltage-gated jsodium jchannels jopening
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j1 j- jANS-initial jrepolarization jof jcells
voltage jgated jsodium jchannels jclosed
voltage jgated jpotassium jchannels jopen
Potassium jleaves jcell jslowly
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j2 j- jANS-plateau jphase
voltage jgated jcalcium jchannels jopen
, influx jof jcalcium jinto jthe jcell
balances jpotassium jefflux
calcium jinflux jtriggers jmore jcalcium jfrom jsarcoplasmic jreticulum j> jmyocardial
jcontraction
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j3 j- jANS-Rapid jRepolarization jw/ jpotassium jefflux
voltage jgated jpotassium jchannels jopen
voltage jgated jcalcium jchannels jclose
Cardiac jaction jpotential: jphase j4 j- jANS-resting jmembrane jpotential, j-85 jmV
High jpotassium jpermeability jfrom jthe jpotassium jchannels
Potassium jimbalance jaffect jon jmyocardial jaction jpotentials j- jANS-Hypokalemia-
increased jatrial jpreload jleads jto j1-3 jdegree jblocks
Hyperkalemia-slows jdepolarization, jleads jto jsunus jbradycardia jand jjunctional jrhythm
Calcium jimbalance jaffect jon jmyocardial jaction jpotentials j- jANS-Hypocalcemia-
decreased jcontractility
Hypercalcemia-increased jcontractility>ST jand jPJCs, jvasoconstriction
Magnesium jimbalance jeffect jon jthe jCardiovascular jsystem j- jANS-Magnesium jcauses
jvasodilation
Cardiac jOutput j(CO) j- jANS-Amount jof jblood jpumped jin j1 jminute j(~5 jL)
HR jx jStroke jvolume
Stroke jVolume j(SV) j- jANS-measurement jof jthe jamount jof jblood jejected jfrom ja
jventricle jin jone jcontraction
depends jon jpreload, jendogenous jinotropic jagents, jnegative jinotropic jagents,
jmyocardial joxygenation
Ejection jFraction j(EF) j- jANS-percentage jof jblood jvolume jin jthe jventricles jat jthe jend
jof jdiastole jthat jis jejected jduring jsystole; ja jmeasurement jof jcontractility
Stroke jvolume/end jdiastolic jvolume
Normal j= j55-65%
EF jdecreases jw/ jsystolic jheart jfailure jbut jno jchange jwith jdiastolic jheart jfailure
Cardiac jCycle: jDiastole j- jANS-Ventricles jrelaxed
Blood jentering jatria
Blood jflows jthrough jAV jvalves jinto jventricles
Semilunar jvalves jare jclosed
Cardiac jCycle: jSystole j- jANS-Ventricles jcontract
Blood jpushes jagainst jAV jvalves jand jthey jshut
Blood jpushes jthrough jsemilunar jvalves jinto jaorta jand jpulmonary jtrunk
