NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam Questions & Answers
Ovarian mcancer msite mof mmetastasis? m- mANS-Peritoneal msurfaces, momentum m(fold
mof mperitoneum mconnecting mthe mstomach mwith mother mabdominal morgans), m*liver*
The mincreased mNADH/NAD+ mratio min mthe mliver mfrom methanol mcauses: m- mANS-1.
mPyruvate m--> mlactic macid, mcausing mlactic macidosis
2. mOxaloacetate m--> mmalate. mThis mprevents mgluconeogenesis mand mleads mto
mhypoglycemia
3. mGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate m--> mglycerol m3- mphosphate mand mcombines mwith
mfatty macids mto mform mtriglycerides min mthe mliver, mknown mas mhepatosteatosis
4. mDecreases mcitric macid mcycle mproduction mof mNADH mand mleads mto musing
mAcetyl-CoA mfor mketogenesis mand mlipogenesis
What mcan mReactive mOxygen mSpecies mcause? m- mANS-Heart mdisease, mAlzheimers,
mParkinsons, mAmyotrophic mLateral mSclerosis m(ALS), mCV mdisease, mHTN, mHLD,
mDM, mischemic mheart mdisease, mHF, mOSA. mLipid mperioxidation, mdamage mproteins,
mfragment mDNA, mless m*protein msynthesis*, mchromatin mdestruction, mdamage
mmitochondria
What mis mthe mbody's mdefense magainst mROS? m- mANS-Antioxidants m(Vitamin mE,
mVitamin mC, mcysteine, mglutathione, malbumin, mceruloplasmin, mtransferrin)
How mare mfree mradicals mproduced? m- mANS-1. mNormal mcellular mrespiration
2. mAbsorption mof mextreme menergy msources m(radiation, mUV mlight)
3. mMetabolism mof mexogenous mchemicals, mdrugs, mand mpesticides
4. mTransition mof mmetals
5. mNitric moxide macting mlike ma mchemical mmediator mand ma mfree mradical
action mpotential m- mANS-Process mof mconducting man mimpulse. mActivates mthe
mneuron m--> mthe mneuron mdepolarizes m--> mthen mrepolarizes
Threshold mpotential m- mANS-Point mat mwhich mdepolarization mmust mreach min morder
mto minitiate man maction mpotential
Hypokalemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-HYPERpolarized m(more mnegative, mex.
m-100). mLess mexcitable. mDecreased mneuromuscular mexcitability: mweakness,
msmooth mmuscle matony, mparesthesia, mcardiac mdysrhythmias
, Hyperkalemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-HYPOpolarized m(more mpositive, mex:
mcloser mto m0). mMore mexcitable. mPeaked mT mwaves. m
When mresting mmembrane mpotential=threshold mpotential, mit mis mBAD m= mcardiac
mstandstill, mparesthesia, mparalysis
Hypocalcemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-Increased mpermeability mto mNa+.
mMore mexcitable. mTetany, mhyperreflexia, mcircumoral mparesthesia, mseizures,
mdysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-Decreased mpermeability mto mNa+.
mLess mexcitable. mWeakness, mhyporeflexia, mfatigue, mlethargy, mconfusion,
mencephalopathy, mdepressed mT mwaves
Atrophy m- mANS-Occurs mas ma mresult mof mdecrease min mwork mload, mpressure, muse,
mblood msupply, mnutrition, mhormonal mstimulation, mor mnervous mstimulation. mOnce
mthe mcell mhas mdecreased min msize, mit mhas mnow mcompensated mfor mdecreased
mblood msupply, mnerve msupply, mnutrient msupply, mhormonal msupply, mand mhas
machieved mnew mhomeostasis. mCells mare malive mbut mhave mdiminished mfunction mand
mmay mlead mto mcellular mdeath.
Atrophy mexamples m- mANS-Physiologic matrophy- mshrinking mof mthe mthymus mgland
mduring mchildhood.
Disuse matrophy- msomeone mthat mends mup mbeing mparalyzed
Hypertrophy m- mANS-Increase min mSIZE mof mcells, mwhich mwill mlead mto mincrease min
msize mof morgan. mCaused mby mhormonal mstimulation mor mincreased mfunctional
mdemand.
Hypertrophy mexamples m- mANS-physiologic mhypertrophy- mskeletal mhypertrophy
mwhen ma mperson mdoes mheavy mwork mor mweight mlifting m/ mwhen ma mkidney mis
msurgically mremoved, mthe mother mkidney mincreases min msize
pathologic mhypertrophy- mcardiomegaly mresults mfrom man mincreased mworkload min
mhypertensive mpatients m/ m*left mventricular mhypertrophy*
Hyperplasia m- mANS-Increase min mNUMBER mof mcells. mResults mfrom mincreased mrate
mof mmitosis. mCan mONLY mhappen min mcells mthat mare mcapable mof mmitosis m(cell
mdivision).
Hyperplasia mexamples m- mANS-1. mThickening mof mskin mbecause mof mhyperplasia mof
mepidermal mcells.
2. mHormonal mhyperplasia- moccurs min mestrogen mdependent morgans mlike muterus
mand mbreast.
3. mCompensatory mhyperplasia- mliver mregenerates, mcallus mon mskin
4. mPathologic mhyperplasia- mestrogen mis munopposed mby mprogesterone mand mthe
mendometrial mlining mundergoes mhyperplasia mand mincreased mrisk mfor mendometrial
mcancer
Exam Questions & Answers
Ovarian mcancer msite mof mmetastasis? m- mANS-Peritoneal msurfaces, momentum m(fold
mof mperitoneum mconnecting mthe mstomach mwith mother mabdominal morgans), m*liver*
The mincreased mNADH/NAD+ mratio min mthe mliver mfrom methanol mcauses: m- mANS-1.
mPyruvate m--> mlactic macid, mcausing mlactic macidosis
2. mOxaloacetate m--> mmalate. mThis mprevents mgluconeogenesis mand mleads mto
mhypoglycemia
3. mGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate m--> mglycerol m3- mphosphate mand mcombines mwith
mfatty macids mto mform mtriglycerides min mthe mliver, mknown mas mhepatosteatosis
4. mDecreases mcitric macid mcycle mproduction mof mNADH mand mleads mto musing
mAcetyl-CoA mfor mketogenesis mand mlipogenesis
What mcan mReactive mOxygen mSpecies mcause? m- mANS-Heart mdisease, mAlzheimers,
mParkinsons, mAmyotrophic mLateral mSclerosis m(ALS), mCV mdisease, mHTN, mHLD,
mDM, mischemic mheart mdisease, mHF, mOSA. mLipid mperioxidation, mdamage mproteins,
mfragment mDNA, mless m*protein msynthesis*, mchromatin mdestruction, mdamage
mmitochondria
What mis mthe mbody's mdefense magainst mROS? m- mANS-Antioxidants m(Vitamin mE,
mVitamin mC, mcysteine, mglutathione, malbumin, mceruloplasmin, mtransferrin)
How mare mfree mradicals mproduced? m- mANS-1. mNormal mcellular mrespiration
2. mAbsorption mof mextreme menergy msources m(radiation, mUV mlight)
3. mMetabolism mof mexogenous mchemicals, mdrugs, mand mpesticides
4. mTransition mof mmetals
5. mNitric moxide macting mlike ma mchemical mmediator mand ma mfree mradical
action mpotential m- mANS-Process mof mconducting man mimpulse. mActivates mthe
mneuron m--> mthe mneuron mdepolarizes m--> mthen mrepolarizes
Threshold mpotential m- mANS-Point mat mwhich mdepolarization mmust mreach min morder
mto minitiate man maction mpotential
Hypokalemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-HYPERpolarized m(more mnegative, mex.
m-100). mLess mexcitable. mDecreased mneuromuscular mexcitability: mweakness,
msmooth mmuscle matony, mparesthesia, mcardiac mdysrhythmias
, Hyperkalemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-HYPOpolarized m(more mpositive, mex:
mcloser mto m0). mMore mexcitable. mPeaked mT mwaves. m
When mresting mmembrane mpotential=threshold mpotential, mit mis mBAD m= mcardiac
mstandstill, mparesthesia, mparalysis
Hypocalcemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-Increased mpermeability mto mNa+.
mMore mexcitable. mTetany, mhyperreflexia, mcircumoral mparesthesia, mseizures,
mdysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia mand maction mpotentials m- mANS-Decreased mpermeability mto mNa+.
mLess mexcitable. mWeakness, mhyporeflexia, mfatigue, mlethargy, mconfusion,
mencephalopathy, mdepressed mT mwaves
Atrophy m- mANS-Occurs mas ma mresult mof mdecrease min mwork mload, mpressure, muse,
mblood msupply, mnutrition, mhormonal mstimulation, mor mnervous mstimulation. mOnce
mthe mcell mhas mdecreased min msize, mit mhas mnow mcompensated mfor mdecreased
mblood msupply, mnerve msupply, mnutrient msupply, mhormonal msupply, mand mhas
machieved mnew mhomeostasis. mCells mare malive mbut mhave mdiminished mfunction mand
mmay mlead mto mcellular mdeath.
Atrophy mexamples m- mANS-Physiologic matrophy- mshrinking mof mthe mthymus mgland
mduring mchildhood.
Disuse matrophy- msomeone mthat mends mup mbeing mparalyzed
Hypertrophy m- mANS-Increase min mSIZE mof mcells, mwhich mwill mlead mto mincrease min
msize mof morgan. mCaused mby mhormonal mstimulation mor mincreased mfunctional
mdemand.
Hypertrophy mexamples m- mANS-physiologic mhypertrophy- mskeletal mhypertrophy
mwhen ma mperson mdoes mheavy mwork mor mweight mlifting m/ mwhen ma mkidney mis
msurgically mremoved, mthe mother mkidney mincreases min msize
pathologic mhypertrophy- mcardiomegaly mresults mfrom man mincreased mworkload min
mhypertensive mpatients m/ m*left mventricular mhypertrophy*
Hyperplasia m- mANS-Increase min mNUMBER mof mcells. mResults mfrom mincreased mrate
mof mmitosis. mCan mONLY mhappen min mcells mthat mare mcapable mof mmitosis m(cell
mdivision).
Hyperplasia mexamples m- mANS-1. mThickening mof mskin mbecause mof mhyperplasia mof
mepidermal mcells.
2. mHormonal mhyperplasia- moccurs min mestrogen mdependent morgans mlike muterus
mand mbreast.
3. mCompensatory mhyperplasia- mliver mregenerates, mcallus mon mskin
4. mPathologic mhyperplasia- mestrogen mis munopposed mby mprogesterone mand mthe
mendometrial mlining mundergoes mhyperplasia mand mincreased mrisk mfor mendometrial
mcancer
