WGU Pathophysiology D236 (2.0) Exam Questions and Answers 2024/2025

Turner syndrome - A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an *X chromosome* is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Tay-Sachs Disease - A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. Down syndrome - A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 Diabetes Insipidus - Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect. The *serum sodium is often elevated* due to excess free water losses. In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly concentrate urine. Cardiac Valve Disease Process - In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly. Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve. This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart. Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s). Cardiac Valve Complications - Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including: * Heart failure. * Stroke. * Blood clots. * Heart rhythm abnormalities. * Death. Respiratory Illness from bats - *Viral hemorrhagic fevers* are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts. Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person. Anemia - Different types of anemia include: Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency Anemia due to iron deficiency Anemia of chronic disease Hemolytic anemia Idiopathic aplastic anemia Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation - The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH. Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney Prostate cancer - Cancer of the prostate gland usually occurs in men middle-aged and older. Artery response during blood loss. Does cell shrink or swell ? - *Vasoconstriction* Marfan Syndrome - Autosomal dominant trait - This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. At least 25 percent of Marfan syndrome cases result from a new mutation in the FBN1 gene Spina Bifida - Not having enough *folic acid* during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida. Bursitis - Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae) that act as cushions at the joints. Sprains and Strains - A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while severely stressing a joint.A strain occurs when tendons (bands at the end of muscles that connect muscles to bones) get stretched or pulled away from the bone. Endometriosis - # *Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)*. Pelvic pain and cramping may begin before and extend several days into a menstrual period. #Lower back and abdominal pain. #Pain with intercourse. Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis. #Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these symptoms during a menstrual period. #Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy menstrual periods or bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding). #Infertility. Sometimes, endometriosis is first diagnosed in those seeking treatment for infertility. #Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual periods.