Touhy Ch. 26 Musculoskeletal Concerns
Touhy Ch. 27 Pain & Comfort
function of muscles correct answers Muscles allow a person to move, speak, and chew
- They control heartbeat, breathing, and digestion
-Movement
-Maintaining posture
-Heat production
-Provide shape
function of bones correct answers Functions of the skeleton (bones)
Support, movement, protection
Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis )
Storage of ions
Endocrine regulation
function of joints correct answers The point at which two or more bones meet is called
a joint or articulation. Joints are responsible for movement (e.g., the movement of limbs)
and stability
aging of the musculoskeletal system correct answers •Muscles atrophy, lose
mass/strength
•Bone renewal slows & can't keep pace with bone resorption and leads to reduced bone
mineral density à osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures
•Osteopenia
•Osteoporosis
•Joints dry and movement is less fluid/smooth, leading to pain and disability -
Osteoarthritis
Expected changes muscle correct answers •Sarcopenia
•age related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Beginning as early
as the 40 y/o
•Ankylosis - abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones.
•Muscle atrophy - wasting or loss of muscle tissue
•Most common type of muscle atrophy is Disuse Atrophy -occurs from a lack of physical
exercise. In most people, this type of muscle atrophy is caused by not using the
muscles enough.
Expected changes bones correct answers •Osteopenia
•Osteoporosis
osteopenia correct answers Reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis
, osteoperosis correct answers bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue,
typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D
risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers •Female
•Asian or Caucasian
•Family history
•Over age 50
•Medications - steroids, etc.
•Poor diet
•Low body weight
•Smoking
•Alcohol intake
•Caffeine intake
Inactivity
primary prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers Education, diet,
calcium intake/supplements, activity, avoid alcohol & tobacco
secondary prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers DEXA/Bone
density: women age 65 & up; men at risk > 70 years old
CT/MRI
Bone scan
tertiary prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers Nasal Spray:
Calcitonin, salmon (Fortical, Miacalcin)
Bisphosphonates
•Alendronate (Fosamax) - PNM 1200 content. If taken PO weekly, many pre/post
admin. guidelines - avoid taking if hx esophageal dysfunction, take with 8 ounces of
water; must be able to sit upright x 30 min after taking (Drugs.com)
•Also Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia)
•Ibandronate (Boniva); Zoledronic acid (Reclast, Zometa)
New medication: Forteo (teriparatide rDNA origin)
fosamax correct answers alendronate
5-10 mg orally in daily or weekly doses
LEVELS OF PREVENTION Related to Musculoskeletal Health correct answers
primary prevention correct answers Lifestyle patterns
Diet, supplements
Regular exercise
Education
Safe living environment
Assistive devices
Touhy Ch. 27 Pain & Comfort
function of muscles correct answers Muscles allow a person to move, speak, and chew
- They control heartbeat, breathing, and digestion
-Movement
-Maintaining posture
-Heat production
-Provide shape
function of bones correct answers Functions of the skeleton (bones)
Support, movement, protection
Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis )
Storage of ions
Endocrine regulation
function of joints correct answers The point at which two or more bones meet is called
a joint or articulation. Joints are responsible for movement (e.g., the movement of limbs)
and stability
aging of the musculoskeletal system correct answers •Muscles atrophy, lose
mass/strength
•Bone renewal slows & can't keep pace with bone resorption and leads to reduced bone
mineral density à osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures
•Osteopenia
•Osteoporosis
•Joints dry and movement is less fluid/smooth, leading to pain and disability -
Osteoarthritis
Expected changes muscle correct answers •Sarcopenia
•age related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Beginning as early
as the 40 y/o
•Ankylosis - abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones.
•Muscle atrophy - wasting or loss of muscle tissue
•Most common type of muscle atrophy is Disuse Atrophy -occurs from a lack of physical
exercise. In most people, this type of muscle atrophy is caused by not using the
muscles enough.
Expected changes bones correct answers •Osteopenia
•Osteoporosis
osteopenia correct answers Reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis
, osteoperosis correct answers bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue,
typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D
risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers •Female
•Asian or Caucasian
•Family history
•Over age 50
•Medications - steroids, etc.
•Poor diet
•Low body weight
•Smoking
•Alcohol intake
•Caffeine intake
Inactivity
primary prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers Education, diet,
calcium intake/supplements, activity, avoid alcohol & tobacco
secondary prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers DEXA/Bone
density: women age 65 & up; men at risk > 70 years old
CT/MRI
Bone scan
tertiary prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis correct answers Nasal Spray:
Calcitonin, salmon (Fortical, Miacalcin)
Bisphosphonates
•Alendronate (Fosamax) - PNM 1200 content. If taken PO weekly, many pre/post
admin. guidelines - avoid taking if hx esophageal dysfunction, take with 8 ounces of
water; must be able to sit upright x 30 min after taking (Drugs.com)
•Also Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia)
•Ibandronate (Boniva); Zoledronic acid (Reclast, Zometa)
New medication: Forteo (teriparatide rDNA origin)
fosamax correct answers alendronate
5-10 mg orally in daily or weekly doses
LEVELS OF PREVENTION Related to Musculoskeletal Health correct answers
primary prevention correct answers Lifestyle patterns
Diet, supplements
Regular exercise
Education
Safe living environment
Assistive devices
