PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and answers | Latest 2024/25

PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and
answers | Latest 2024/25
metals - aluminum and steel ll ll ll ll ll ll ll




ll llceramics - glass, brick and concrete ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll




Natural Glass - High heat events; volcano, lightning
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Obsidian, volcanic origin. Fulgurite, lightning origin. ll ll ll ll ll



Found and used by early man ll ll ll ll ll




Glass beads - Probably formed accidentally
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Around 3500 BCE ll ll ll



Early hollow glass production ll ll ll



Egypt about 1500 BCE ll ll ll




ll llGlass Packaging Production Market by Sector - 82% Beverage
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Glass characteristics - 1.An inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous) solid formed by
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cooling from its liquid state
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2.Glass does not have a melting point as temp increases but rather a range at which it is
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viscous
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Advantages of Glass - Upscale image
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Is fairly chemical inert, impermeable to gases and water vapor
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Is transparent. But we can also add color into the glass
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Can be recycled, microwaved, heated, cooled
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Acceptable for direct food contact (although it can leach out some trace amounts of ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll



chemicals, not affecting food)
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Rigid structure that does not change under vacuum or pressure.
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Moldable, there are a variety of shapes and designs possible ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll




What is the melting point of glass? - Molecular structure of liquid
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Physical characteristics of solid ll ll ll



No distinct melting point
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Disadvantages of Glass - Heavy compared to plastic for same volume
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160 lb/ft3vs. 55 lb/ft3for plastics
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Therefore it can cost more to distribute ll ll ll ll ll ll



Fuel cost, handling cost, etc.
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Expensive and high energy compared to plastics ll ll ll ll ll ll



Fragile, susceptible to thermal shock ll ll ll ll



Not biodegradable (advantage? disadvantage?)
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, Somewhat limited direct printability ll ll ll



Salts can dissolve out, but very small amount
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Glass Composition - Silica Sand (Silicone oxide, SiO2)
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Glass former (backbone) 68 to 73% ll ll ll ll ll



Limestone (Calcium carbonate, CaCO3) ll ll ll



Increases chemical durability 10 to 13% ll ll ll ll ll ll



Soda ash (Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) ll ll ll ll



Promotes melting 12 to 15% ll ll ll ll




Fining agents - Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make bigger bubbles
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Carbon, Saltcake ll




Decolorizes - Flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally
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Iron makes it slightly green
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Add selenium to make it slightly pink
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Pink and green makes gray, appears clear
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ll llColorizers - most are metal oxides ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll




Amber Glass - Iron + Sulfur + Excess Carbon
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Made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
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Absorbs <450nm wavelength ll ll



Light protection - beer, pharma, other
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Cullet - recycled glass - 2 types: Plant Cullet (internal) - defects, testing. Ecology Cullet -
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post consumer. ll



Furnace usage is 15-90%. Average is 34%. ll ll ll ll ll ll



10 states have bottle deposit bills, including Michigan
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Cullet size is approximately 3/8" pieces ll ll ll ll ll



Much less energy to melt, process at 2400F vs 2800F
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Every 10% = 2-3% energy cost reduction ll ll ll ll ll ll



Every 6 tons used = 1 ton reduction of CO2footprint
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1 recycled bottle = computer power for 30 minutes.
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30 day cycle, bottle to bottle
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ll llPharmaceutical Glass - Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll




Type 1 - this glass is a borosilicate glass and has the most stringent extractable
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standards. A disadvantage is the higher melting point of this glass type
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70% silica ll



10% boron oxide ll ll



8% sodium oxide ll ll



8% potassium oxidell ll



1% calcium oxide ll ll



Used for pharma packaging, lab ware, telescopes, guitar slides, etc
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