PHIL 2275 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
Describe the three fundamental laws of thought identified by Aristotle? - ANSWER Principle of Identity,
Principle of the excluded middle, and the Principle of Non- Contradiction
What is a deontological moral theory? - ANSWER Duty
What is a consequentialist moral theory? - ANSWER Outcomes
What is virtue? - ANSWER A habit by which the powers of the soul are consistently used for good
What are the cardinal virtues? - ANSWER Wisdom, courage, prudence, justice
What are Aristotle's four principal causes? - ANSWER The Material, Formal, Efficient, Final
What is the first principle of contemplative reason? - ANSWER The principle of non-contradiction
What is the first principle of practical reason? - ANSWER Good is to be done and evil avoided
What, generally, is natural moral law? - ANSWER A moral law that derives from human nature and exists
for human flourish
For Kant, what is autonomy? - ANSWER A condition in which you will to yourself the moral law
For Kant, what is a good will? - ANSWER A will that obeys a moral law because it is the law and for no
other reason
, What are the two formulations of the Categorical Imperative we've examined? - ANSWER 1. Always treat
humanity, Whether in yourself or another, as an end in itself and never as a mere means
2. Follow that rule which you can without contradiction will to become universal law.
For Hume, what are the sources of knowledge? - ANSWER Matters of fact and relation of Ideas
For Hume, what is the truth-test of an idea? - ANSWER that you can take it back to an original sense of
perception
For Hume, why cannot morality be determined by reason? - ANSWER Because morality is based on
sentiment of feeling
What is psychological egoism? - ANSWER The view that we are psychologically constituted that every
action is motivated by self interest
For Mill, what is happiness? - ANSWER Pleasure and the absence of pain
State the principle of utility. - ANSWER An act that maximizes effort and minimizes pain
Distinguish act- from rule-utilitarianism. - ANSWER Act Utilitarianism: Whenever You are called upon to
act, you use utilitarianism
Rule Utilitarianism: You use utilitarianism based on rules
What is the principle of totality? - ANSWER That we have a moral obligation to keep our bodies in as
complete a state as possible.
What are the elements of the principle of double effect? - ANSWER 1. The intended effect must be good
or at least morally neutral
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
Describe the three fundamental laws of thought identified by Aristotle? - ANSWER Principle of Identity,
Principle of the excluded middle, and the Principle of Non- Contradiction
What is a deontological moral theory? - ANSWER Duty
What is a consequentialist moral theory? - ANSWER Outcomes
What is virtue? - ANSWER A habit by which the powers of the soul are consistently used for good
What are the cardinal virtues? - ANSWER Wisdom, courage, prudence, justice
What are Aristotle's four principal causes? - ANSWER The Material, Formal, Efficient, Final
What is the first principle of contemplative reason? - ANSWER The principle of non-contradiction
What is the first principle of practical reason? - ANSWER Good is to be done and evil avoided
What, generally, is natural moral law? - ANSWER A moral law that derives from human nature and exists
for human flourish
For Kant, what is autonomy? - ANSWER A condition in which you will to yourself the moral law
For Kant, what is a good will? - ANSWER A will that obeys a moral law because it is the law and for no
other reason
, What are the two formulations of the Categorical Imperative we've examined? - ANSWER 1. Always treat
humanity, Whether in yourself or another, as an end in itself and never as a mere means
2. Follow that rule which you can without contradiction will to become universal law.
For Hume, what are the sources of knowledge? - ANSWER Matters of fact and relation of Ideas
For Hume, what is the truth-test of an idea? - ANSWER that you can take it back to an original sense of
perception
For Hume, why cannot morality be determined by reason? - ANSWER Because morality is based on
sentiment of feeling
What is psychological egoism? - ANSWER The view that we are psychologically constituted that every
action is motivated by self interest
For Mill, what is happiness? - ANSWER Pleasure and the absence of pain
State the principle of utility. - ANSWER An act that maximizes effort and minimizes pain
Distinguish act- from rule-utilitarianism. - ANSWER Act Utilitarianism: Whenever You are called upon to
act, you use utilitarianism
Rule Utilitarianism: You use utilitarianism based on rules
What is the principle of totality? - ANSWER That we have a moral obligation to keep our bodies in as
complete a state as possible.
What are the elements of the principle of double effect? - ANSWER 1. The intended effect must be good
or at least morally neutral
