ASBOG Fundamentals of Geology EXAM PREP 2024/2025 with 100%
correct answers
Asthenosphere - ✔✔A region of Earth's outer shell beneath the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is
of indeterminate thickness and behaves plastically. (Begin Chapter 1)
Continental drift - ✔✔A concept suggesting that continents move over Earth's surface.
Convergent boundary - ✔✔A boundary between two plates that are moving toward each other.
Core - ✔✔The central zone of Earth.
Crust - ✔✔The outer layer of rock, forming a thin skin over Earth's surface.
Data - ✔✔Observations or measurements used by scientists to test hypotheses.
Divergent boundary - ✔✔Boundary separating two plates moving away from each other.
equilibrium - ✔✔Material is in equilibrium if it is adjusted to the physical and chemical
conditions of its environment so that it does not change or alter with time.
erosion - ✔✔The physical removal of rock by an agent such as running water, glacial ice, or
wind.
hypothesis - ✔✔A tentative and testable theory. Usually written as an if/then statement.
igneous rock - ✔✔A rock formed or apparently formed from solidification of magma.
isostatic adjustment - ✔✔Concept of vertical movement of sections of Earth's crust to achieve
balance or equilibrium.
,lithosphere - ✔✔The rigid outer shell of Earth, 70 to 125 or more kilometers thick.
magma - ✔✔Molten rock, usually mostly silica. The liquid may contain dissolved gases as well
as some solid minerals.
mantle - ✔✔A thick shell of rock that separates Earth's crust above from the core below.
metamorphic rock - ✔✔A rock produced by metamorphism.
mid-oceanic ridge - ✔✔A giant mountain range that lies under the ocean and extends around the
world.
plate tectonics - ✔✔A theory that Earth's surface is divided into a few large, thick plates that are
slowly moving and changing in size. Intense geologic activity occurs at the plate boundaries.
scientific method - ✔✔A means of gaining knowledge through objective procedures.
sediment - ✔✔Loose, solid particles that can originate by (1) weathering and erosion of
preexisting rocks, (2) chemical precipitation from solution, usually in water, and (3) secretion by
organisms.
sedimentary rock - ✔✔Rock that has formed from (1) lithification of any type of sediment, (2)
precipitation from solution, or (3) consolidation of the remains of plants or animals.
subduction zone - ✔✔Elongate region in which subduction takes place.
tectonic forces - ✔✔Forces generated from within Earth that result in uplift, movement, or
deformation of part of Earth's crust.
,theory - ✔✔An explanation for observed phenomena that has a high possibility of being true.
transform boundary - ✔✔Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other. (End
Chapter 1)
Amphibole group - ✔✔Mineral group in which all members are double chain silicates. (Begin
Chapter 2)
atom - ✔✔Smallest possible particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.
atomic mass number - ✔✔The total number of neutrons and protons in an atom.
atomic number - ✔✔The total number of protons in an atom.
atomic weight - ✔✔The sum of the weight of the subatomic particles in an average atom of an
element, given in atomic mass units.
biotite - ✔✔Iron/magnesium bearing mica.
bonding - ✔✔Attachment of an atom to one or more adjacent atoms.
calcite - ✔✔Mineral with the formula CaCO3.
chain silicate structure - ✔✔Silicate structure in which two of each tetrahedron's oxygen ions are
shared with adjacent tetrahedrons, resulting in a chain of tetrahedrons.
clay mineral group - ✔✔Collective term for several clay minerals.
, cleavage - ✔✔The ability of a mineral to break along preferred planes.
covalent bonding - ✔✔Bonding due to the sharing of electrons by adjacent atoms.
crystal form - ✔✔Arrangement of various faces on a crystal in a definite geometric relationship
to one another.
crystalline - ✔✔Describing a substance in which the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating,
orderly pattern.
density - ✔✔Weight per given volume of a substance.
earthy luster - ✔✔A luster giving a substance the appearance of unglazed pottery.
electron - ✔✔A single, negative electric charge that contributes virtually no mass to an atom.
element - ✔✔A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical
methods. Each atom of an element possesses the same number of protons.
feldspar group - ✔✔Group of most common minerals of Earth's crust. All feldspars contain
silicon, aluminum, and oxygen and may contain potassium, calcium, and sodium.
ferromagnesian mineral - ✔✔Iron/magnesium-bearing mineral, such as augite, hornblende,
olivine, or biotite.
fracture - ✔✔The way a substance breaks where not controlled by cleavage.
framework silicate structure - ✔✔Crystal structure in which all four oxygen ions of a silica
tetrahedron are shared by adjacent ions.
correct answers
Asthenosphere - ✔✔A region of Earth's outer shell beneath the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is
of indeterminate thickness and behaves plastically. (Begin Chapter 1)
Continental drift - ✔✔A concept suggesting that continents move over Earth's surface.
Convergent boundary - ✔✔A boundary between two plates that are moving toward each other.
Core - ✔✔The central zone of Earth.
Crust - ✔✔The outer layer of rock, forming a thin skin over Earth's surface.
Data - ✔✔Observations or measurements used by scientists to test hypotheses.
Divergent boundary - ✔✔Boundary separating two plates moving away from each other.
equilibrium - ✔✔Material is in equilibrium if it is adjusted to the physical and chemical
conditions of its environment so that it does not change or alter with time.
erosion - ✔✔The physical removal of rock by an agent such as running water, glacial ice, or
wind.
hypothesis - ✔✔A tentative and testable theory. Usually written as an if/then statement.
igneous rock - ✔✔A rock formed or apparently formed from solidification of magma.
isostatic adjustment - ✔✔Concept of vertical movement of sections of Earth's crust to achieve
balance or equilibrium.
,lithosphere - ✔✔The rigid outer shell of Earth, 70 to 125 or more kilometers thick.
magma - ✔✔Molten rock, usually mostly silica. The liquid may contain dissolved gases as well
as some solid minerals.
mantle - ✔✔A thick shell of rock that separates Earth's crust above from the core below.
metamorphic rock - ✔✔A rock produced by metamorphism.
mid-oceanic ridge - ✔✔A giant mountain range that lies under the ocean and extends around the
world.
plate tectonics - ✔✔A theory that Earth's surface is divided into a few large, thick plates that are
slowly moving and changing in size. Intense geologic activity occurs at the plate boundaries.
scientific method - ✔✔A means of gaining knowledge through objective procedures.
sediment - ✔✔Loose, solid particles that can originate by (1) weathering and erosion of
preexisting rocks, (2) chemical precipitation from solution, usually in water, and (3) secretion by
organisms.
sedimentary rock - ✔✔Rock that has formed from (1) lithification of any type of sediment, (2)
precipitation from solution, or (3) consolidation of the remains of plants or animals.
subduction zone - ✔✔Elongate region in which subduction takes place.
tectonic forces - ✔✔Forces generated from within Earth that result in uplift, movement, or
deformation of part of Earth's crust.
,theory - ✔✔An explanation for observed phenomena that has a high possibility of being true.
transform boundary - ✔✔Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other. (End
Chapter 1)
Amphibole group - ✔✔Mineral group in which all members are double chain silicates. (Begin
Chapter 2)
atom - ✔✔Smallest possible particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.
atomic mass number - ✔✔The total number of neutrons and protons in an atom.
atomic number - ✔✔The total number of protons in an atom.
atomic weight - ✔✔The sum of the weight of the subatomic particles in an average atom of an
element, given in atomic mass units.
biotite - ✔✔Iron/magnesium bearing mica.
bonding - ✔✔Attachment of an atom to one or more adjacent atoms.
calcite - ✔✔Mineral with the formula CaCO3.
chain silicate structure - ✔✔Silicate structure in which two of each tetrahedron's oxygen ions are
shared with adjacent tetrahedrons, resulting in a chain of tetrahedrons.
clay mineral group - ✔✔Collective term for several clay minerals.
, cleavage - ✔✔The ability of a mineral to break along preferred planes.
covalent bonding - ✔✔Bonding due to the sharing of electrons by adjacent atoms.
crystal form - ✔✔Arrangement of various faces on a crystal in a definite geometric relationship
to one another.
crystalline - ✔✔Describing a substance in which the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating,
orderly pattern.
density - ✔✔Weight per given volume of a substance.
earthy luster - ✔✔A luster giving a substance the appearance of unglazed pottery.
electron - ✔✔A single, negative electric charge that contributes virtually no mass to an atom.
element - ✔✔A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical
methods. Each atom of an element possesses the same number of protons.
feldspar group - ✔✔Group of most common minerals of Earth's crust. All feldspars contain
silicon, aluminum, and oxygen and may contain potassium, calcium, and sodium.
ferromagnesian mineral - ✔✔Iron/magnesium-bearing mineral, such as augite, hornblende,
olivine, or biotite.
fracture - ✔✔The way a substance breaks where not controlled by cleavage.
framework silicate structure - ✔✔Crystal structure in which all four oxygen ions of a silica
tetrahedron are shared by adjacent ions.
