TNCC Written Exam With complete
solution Latest 2024/25 RATED A+
What is the best measure of the adequacy of cellular perfusion and helps predict the
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
outcome of resuscitation? - Base deficit used in conjunction with serum lactate
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II Will hypocapnia cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation, especially in the cerebral
II II II II II II II II II
II vasculature? - Vasoconstriction II II II II
II What results from tissue hypo perfusion and oxygen deficit? - Metabolic acidosis
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II What type of shock results in generalized vasodilation? - Neurogenic shock
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Spinal cord injuries at C3-C5 causes loss of what nerves function, resulting in what? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Phrenic nerve; paralyzed diaphragm and inability to breath
II II II II II II II II
Extremity elevation AT the level of the heart is beneficial for what type of injury? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Compartment Syndrome
II II
II What is a high risk of frostbite? - Thrombus formation
II II II II II II II II II II II
What two medications can be administered to maintain perfusion after a frostbite injury
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
along with rewarming? - Tissue plasminogen activator or non steroidal anti-inflammatory
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
medication (NSAIDS)
II II
II An rise in diastolic blood pressures is a sign of increasing what? - Peripheral resistance
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
What position will benefit the airway and work of breathing for the bariatric patient? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Reverse Trendelenburg
II II
Which phase of a blast results from flying debris, projectiles, and bomb fragments
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
causing lacerations or penetrating injuries? - Secondary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II
What phase of a blast results from any explosion-related illness or injury including
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
hyperglycemia, hypertension, angina, asthma, COPD, or sepsis? - Quaternary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II II II
II What phase of a blast results from individuals being thrown by the blast and impacting
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II walls, ground, or any hard object? - Tertiary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II
What phase of a blast results from impact of the over and under pressurization wave with
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
body surfaces. Injuries include blast lung, tympanic membrane rupture, abdominal
II II II II II II II II II II
hemorrhage, globe rupture, and mild traumatic brain injury? - Primary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
, II Signs of what include muscle pain or weakness, dark red or brown urine, general
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II weakness or malaise, and elevated creatinine kinase levels? - Rhabdomyolosis
II II II II II II II II II II II
Signs of what include anxiety, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, hypoxemia, hemoptysis,
II II II II II II II II II II II
cough, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds, decreased lung sounds, jugular vein
II II II II II II II II II II
distention, or hypotension? - Pulmonary Embolus
II II II II II II II II
Signs of what include headache, nausea and vomiting, amnesia, behavioral changes,
II II II II II II II II II II II
altered level of consciousness? - Increased intracranial pressure
II II II II II II II II II II
Signs of what include asymmetric pupillary reactivity, unilateral dilation, widening pulse
II II II II II II II II II II II
pressure, abnormal motor posturing, bradycardia, and decreased respiratory effort? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Late signs of increased ICP with Herniation Syndrome
II II II II II II II II
What is caused by the tear of the bridging veins or middle meningeal artery? - Subdural
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and Epidural Hematoma
II II II
Affect concentration, memory, sleep, mode, and libido. Causes headaches, dizziness
II II II II II II II II II II
and nausea. - Postconcussive Syndrome/ Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
II II II II II II II II II II II
Signs and symptoms similar to early signs of increased ICP but do not worsen. -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Postconcussive Syndrome/ Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
II II II II II II
II Cerebral Perfusion Pressure = ______-______ - MAP - ICP
II II II II II II II II II II
II What is the range for CO2 to maximize perfusion? - 35-45
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Does hypoventilation cause dilation or constriction? Increase or decrease ICP? - Dilation
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and increase in ICP due to high CO2
II II II II II II II II
II Hyperventilation cause dilation or constriction? - Constriction d/t low CO2 II II II II II II II II II II II
II Pupils with pressure on cranial nerve - Fixed and dilated
II II II II II II II II II II II
II Pupils with opiates vs stimulants - small; large
II II II II II II II II II
II Pupils with anticholinergics such as atropine, ipratropium, and scopolamine - large
II II II II II II II II II II II II
II Sluggish reaction of pupils is an early sign of what? - Increasing ICP
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Glasgow Coma Score with Mild, Moderate, and Severe TBI - Mild = 13-15
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Moderate = 9-12 II II
Severe = 3-8 II II
II Goal value for ICP - <15
II II II II II II II
solution Latest 2024/25 RATED A+
What is the best measure of the adequacy of cellular perfusion and helps predict the
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
outcome of resuscitation? - Base deficit used in conjunction with serum lactate
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II Will hypocapnia cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation, especially in the cerebral
II II II II II II II II II
II vasculature? - Vasoconstriction II II II II
II What results from tissue hypo perfusion and oxygen deficit? - Metabolic acidosis
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II What type of shock results in generalized vasodilation? - Neurogenic shock
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Spinal cord injuries at C3-C5 causes loss of what nerves function, resulting in what? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Phrenic nerve; paralyzed diaphragm and inability to breath
II II II II II II II II
Extremity elevation AT the level of the heart is beneficial for what type of injury? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Compartment Syndrome
II II
II What is a high risk of frostbite? - Thrombus formation
II II II II II II II II II II II
What two medications can be administered to maintain perfusion after a frostbite injury
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
along with rewarming? - Tissue plasminogen activator or non steroidal anti-inflammatory
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
medication (NSAIDS)
II II
II An rise in diastolic blood pressures is a sign of increasing what? - Peripheral resistance
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
What position will benefit the airway and work of breathing for the bariatric patient? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Reverse Trendelenburg
II II
Which phase of a blast results from flying debris, projectiles, and bomb fragments
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
causing lacerations or penetrating injuries? - Secondary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II
What phase of a blast results from any explosion-related illness or injury including
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
hyperglycemia, hypertension, angina, asthma, COPD, or sepsis? - Quaternary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II II II
II What phase of a blast results from individuals being thrown by the blast and impacting
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II walls, ground, or any hard object? - Tertiary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II
What phase of a blast results from impact of the over and under pressurization wave with
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
body surfaces. Injuries include blast lung, tympanic membrane rupture, abdominal
II II II II II II II II II II
hemorrhage, globe rupture, and mild traumatic brain injury? - Primary Phase
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
, II Signs of what include muscle pain or weakness, dark red or brown urine, general
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II weakness or malaise, and elevated creatinine kinase levels? - Rhabdomyolosis
II II II II II II II II II II II
Signs of what include anxiety, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, hypoxemia, hemoptysis,
II II II II II II II II II II II
cough, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds, decreased lung sounds, jugular vein
II II II II II II II II II II
distention, or hypotension? - Pulmonary Embolus
II II II II II II II II
Signs of what include headache, nausea and vomiting, amnesia, behavioral changes,
II II II II II II II II II II II
altered level of consciousness? - Increased intracranial pressure
II II II II II II II II II II
Signs of what include asymmetric pupillary reactivity, unilateral dilation, widening pulse
II II II II II II II II II II II
pressure, abnormal motor posturing, bradycardia, and decreased respiratory effort? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Late signs of increased ICP with Herniation Syndrome
II II II II II II II II
What is caused by the tear of the bridging veins or middle meningeal artery? - Subdural
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and Epidural Hematoma
II II II
Affect concentration, memory, sleep, mode, and libido. Causes headaches, dizziness
II II II II II II II II II II
and nausea. - Postconcussive Syndrome/ Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
II II II II II II II II II II II
Signs and symptoms similar to early signs of increased ICP but do not worsen. -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Postconcussive Syndrome/ Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
II II II II II II
II Cerebral Perfusion Pressure = ______-______ - MAP - ICP
II II II II II II II II II II
II What is the range for CO2 to maximize perfusion? - 35-45
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Does hypoventilation cause dilation or constriction? Increase or decrease ICP? - Dilation
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and increase in ICP due to high CO2
II II II II II II II II
II Hyperventilation cause dilation or constriction? - Constriction d/t low CO2 II II II II II II II II II II II
II Pupils with pressure on cranial nerve - Fixed and dilated
II II II II II II II II II II II
II Pupils with opiates vs stimulants - small; large
II II II II II II II II II
II Pupils with anticholinergics such as atropine, ipratropium, and scopolamine - large
II II II II II II II II II II II II
II Sluggish reaction of pupils is an early sign of what? - Increasing ICP
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Glasgow Coma Score with Mild, Moderate, and Severe TBI - Mild = 13-15
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Moderate = 9-12 II II
Severe = 3-8 II II
II Goal value for ICP - <15
II II II II II II II
