FAD2230 Ch. 13 Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100%
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How does "good parenting" differ among cultures? - - How we parent our children and what we
consider good parenting differs among cultures.
- For example, in some cultures, parents "wear" their children, sleep with their children, breastfeed their
children for several years, and are rarely separated; whereas in America, our babies sleep in separate
rooms, are fed by bottles, & are carried in strollers.
- In many places without access to birth control (such as Africa), families commonly have 6-8 children
- Across all cultures, parents' primary job is *socialization*.
How do maternity & paternity benefits differ among nations? - - In other countries, parents have an
extensive array of maternity & paternity benefits that allow them to stay at home while their children
are young without losing jobs, seniority or pay.
- In many European countries, families receive a cash benefit from the government to help with the
costs of raising children called a *family allowance (child allowance)*. It is available to all families, rich or
poor.
- In the U.S., there is no mandated paid maternity leave, and women return to work very quickly.
What was parenting like in colonial America? How did parenting change during industrialization,
urbanization, immigration? How did parenting change in the progressive era of the 1900's? - - What we
consider good parenting today was not always seen that way. In colonial America, parents were strict
and emotionally distant; children were thought to have "original sin". They were treated like miniature
adults and put to work to help support the family.
- Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration brought change. Produced two views of childhood: the
*protected child* among wealthy families, who was given education & leisure; and the *useful child*
among poor families, whose labor was needed to make ends meet.
- In the Progressive Era of the 1900s, laws were passed to protect all workers (children in particular).
With these work protections in place, the concept of childhood expanded to include adolescence.
Which 3 parenting trends exist in both industrial & non-industrial societies today? - 1. *Although parents
are central to childrearing, other people & social institutions are becoming increasingly involved in
raising children*. Includes grandparents, daycares, govt. agencies, schools, and etc.
2. *Parents around the world increasingly encourage permissiveness & child independence*. The value
of obedience has declined globally, and more emphasis is placed on independence & personal
responsibility.
, 3. *In most societies, a higher value is placed on boys than on girls*. Preference for sons is based on
family inheritance & the need for sons to care for aging parents. Especially strong in countries such as
Kenya, China, & India.
What is *socialization*? - *Socialization* is the lifelong process by which we acquire the cultural values
& skills needed to function as human beings & participate in society. Unique to humans because
children are helpless at birth & have few instincts compared to other mammals.
How does Freud's *Psychoanalytic Perspective* suggest that children develop socially? - Freud proposed
that human behavior & personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual:
- *ID* - the part of personality that includes biological drives & needs for immediate gratification.
Present at birth & readily visible in young children.
- *Ego* - the rational component of personality that attempts to balance the need for immediate
gratification with the demands of society. Arises as we become aware that we can't have all that we
desire.
- *Superego* - our conscience, which draws upon our cultural values & norms to help us understand
why we can't have everything we want.
What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? - - Piaget was particularly interested in how
children come to understand the world & make meaning of their experiences.
- He identified 4 stages of cognitive development.
1. *Sensorimotor Stage* (B-2) - the infant explores the world through direct sensory & motor contact.
Object permanence & separation anxiety develop during this stage.
2. *Pre-operational Thought* (2-7) - the child uses symbols (words & images) to present objects but
does not yet reason logically. They learn language, symbolic play, & symbolic drawing. During this stage,
the child is egocentric.
3. *Concrete Operational Thought* (7-12) - the child can think logically about concrete objects, and thus
can add & subtract. The child also understands classification & conversation.
4. *Formal Operational Thought* (Adolescence - Adulthood) - the child can reason abstractly & think in
hypothetical terms. They can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem
solving.
What is Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) known for? - - Charles Horton Cooley is known for the
*sociological perspective*. He believed that human behavior & our self-identity are shaped by
interactions with others & the meaning we attach to those interactions. You can't form self-concept
without social contact.
Verified
How does "good parenting" differ among cultures? - - How we parent our children and what we
consider good parenting differs among cultures.
- For example, in some cultures, parents "wear" their children, sleep with their children, breastfeed their
children for several years, and are rarely separated; whereas in America, our babies sleep in separate
rooms, are fed by bottles, & are carried in strollers.
- In many places without access to birth control (such as Africa), families commonly have 6-8 children
- Across all cultures, parents' primary job is *socialization*.
How do maternity & paternity benefits differ among nations? - - In other countries, parents have an
extensive array of maternity & paternity benefits that allow them to stay at home while their children
are young without losing jobs, seniority or pay.
- In many European countries, families receive a cash benefit from the government to help with the
costs of raising children called a *family allowance (child allowance)*. It is available to all families, rich or
poor.
- In the U.S., there is no mandated paid maternity leave, and women return to work very quickly.
What was parenting like in colonial America? How did parenting change during industrialization,
urbanization, immigration? How did parenting change in the progressive era of the 1900's? - - What we
consider good parenting today was not always seen that way. In colonial America, parents were strict
and emotionally distant; children were thought to have "original sin". They were treated like miniature
adults and put to work to help support the family.
- Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration brought change. Produced two views of childhood: the
*protected child* among wealthy families, who was given education & leisure; and the *useful child*
among poor families, whose labor was needed to make ends meet.
- In the Progressive Era of the 1900s, laws were passed to protect all workers (children in particular).
With these work protections in place, the concept of childhood expanded to include adolescence.
Which 3 parenting trends exist in both industrial & non-industrial societies today? - 1. *Although parents
are central to childrearing, other people & social institutions are becoming increasingly involved in
raising children*. Includes grandparents, daycares, govt. agencies, schools, and etc.
2. *Parents around the world increasingly encourage permissiveness & child independence*. The value
of obedience has declined globally, and more emphasis is placed on independence & personal
responsibility.
, 3. *In most societies, a higher value is placed on boys than on girls*. Preference for sons is based on
family inheritance & the need for sons to care for aging parents. Especially strong in countries such as
Kenya, China, & India.
What is *socialization*? - *Socialization* is the lifelong process by which we acquire the cultural values
& skills needed to function as human beings & participate in society. Unique to humans because
children are helpless at birth & have few instincts compared to other mammals.
How does Freud's *Psychoanalytic Perspective* suggest that children develop socially? - Freud proposed
that human behavior & personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual:
- *ID* - the part of personality that includes biological drives & needs for immediate gratification.
Present at birth & readily visible in young children.
- *Ego* - the rational component of personality that attempts to balance the need for immediate
gratification with the demands of society. Arises as we become aware that we can't have all that we
desire.
- *Superego* - our conscience, which draws upon our cultural values & norms to help us understand
why we can't have everything we want.
What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? - - Piaget was particularly interested in how
children come to understand the world & make meaning of their experiences.
- He identified 4 stages of cognitive development.
1. *Sensorimotor Stage* (B-2) - the infant explores the world through direct sensory & motor contact.
Object permanence & separation anxiety develop during this stage.
2. *Pre-operational Thought* (2-7) - the child uses symbols (words & images) to present objects but
does not yet reason logically. They learn language, symbolic play, & symbolic drawing. During this stage,
the child is egocentric.
3. *Concrete Operational Thought* (7-12) - the child can think logically about concrete objects, and thus
can add & subtract. The child also understands classification & conversation.
4. *Formal Operational Thought* (Adolescence - Adulthood) - the child can reason abstractly & think in
hypothetical terms. They can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem
solving.
What is Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) known for? - - Charles Horton Cooley is known for the
*sociological perspective*. He believed that human behavior & our self-identity are shaped by
interactions with others & the meaning we attach to those interactions. You can't form self-concept
without social contact.
