NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exa1

NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam/ NR
507 Midterm Chamberlain Updated


How does blood flow through the heart? - ANSWER Deoxygenated venous blood →
Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it
contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs
to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle
(pumps with each contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body

What is systole? - ANSWER Contraction of the heart which pumps blood

Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation of the heart

What produces S1 and S2 sound? - ANSWER closing of the heart valves

What produces S1? - ANSWER The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in
systole

What produces S2 sound? - ANSWER The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves
in diastole

What is cardiac output? - ANSWER the volume of blood pumped out by each
ventricle per minute

What is stroke volume? - ANSWER amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle
with contraction

What determines cardiac output? - ANSWER stroke volume and heart rate

What is preload? - ANSWER the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts,
related to ventricular filling, end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the
ventricle during diastole

What is afterload? - ANSWER resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate
blood

What is contractility? - ANSWER Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force
for a given stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload

Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume? -
ANSWER Decreased

What conditions can result in decreased contractility? - ANSWER Ischemia, acidosis,
cardiomyopathy

What can cause increase afterload? - ANSWER HTN, pulmonary disease, damage
to the aortic valve

, What has the most immediate effect on afterload? - ANSWER HTN

Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload? - ANSWER Decreased
volume of blood creates less resistance

What does increased preload do to stroke volume? - ANSWER Increases stroke
volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however

What can cause a decreased preload? - ANSWER Hemorrhage,
dehydration...anything that causes reduced blood volume

What side of the heart is affected by cor-pulmonale? - ANSWER Right (AKA Right
sided HF)

What is cor-pulmonale? - ANSWER is defined as right ventricular hypertrophy with
eventual RV failure resulting from pulmonary HTN, secondary to pulmonary disease.
Causes dilation (stretching) of the right ventricle causes a back up of blood flow, and
hypertrophy of cardiac cells

What conditions could cause cor pulmonale? - ANSWER COPD, PE, Pulmonary
fibrosis, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, polio

What are causes of heart failure? - ANSWER CAD, HTN, Cardiomyopathy, faulty
heart valves

Explain how systemic HTN can lead to heart failure? - ANSWER HTN causes
increased LV preload which increases LA preload causing pulmonary edema

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What makes up the pulmonary anatomy? - ANSWER nose->pharynx->larynx-
>trachea->bronchi->bronchioles-->alveoli

What is ventilation? - ANSWER The action of inhaling and exhaling

What is perfusion? - ANSWER the ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange at
the alveolar-capillary level moving blood into and out of the capillary cells

What causes intrinsic asthma? - ANSWER Something internal, non-allergic factors
(anxiety, chemicals, airborne irritants, exercise, GERD, obesity

What causes extrinsic asthma? - ANSWER Triggered by chronic allergic reaction
(mold, pollen, dust mites, pet dander)