NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - correct answers ✔✔ -Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Pyruvate -->
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answers ✔✔ -Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answers ✔✔ -Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
, action potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - correct answers ✔✔ -Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - correct answers ✔✔ -physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney
increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
*left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - correct answers ✔✔ -Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis.
Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal
cells.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - correct answers ✔✔ -Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Pyruvate -->
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answers ✔✔ -Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answers ✔✔ -Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
, action potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - correct answers ✔✔ -Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - correct answers ✔✔ -physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney
increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
*left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - correct answers ✔✔ -Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis.
Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal
cells.
