Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Atrophy ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,Cells ,decrease ,in ,size
P. ,Still ,functional; ,imbalance ,between ,protein ,synthesis ,and ,degradation. ,Essentially ,there ,is ,an ,incre
ase ,in ,the ,catabolism ,of ,intracellular ,organelles, ,reducing ,structural ,components ,of ,cell
Physiologic: ,thymus ,gland ,in ,early ,childhood
Pathological: ,disuse ,
(muscle ,atrophy ,d/ ,decrease ,workload, ,pressure, ,use, ,blood ,supply, ,nutrition, ,hormonal ,stimulation, ,
or ,nervous ,stimulation)
Hyperplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E: ,cells ,increase ,in ,number, ,mitosis ,
(cell ,division) ,must ,occur, ,size ,of ,cell ,does ,not ,change ,
Phys: ,increased ,rate ,of ,division, ,increase ,in ,tissue ,mass ,after ,damage ,or ,partial ,resection; ,may ,be ,co
mpensatory, ,hormonal, ,or ,pathologic
Patho: ,abnormal ,proliferation ,of ,normal ,cells ,usually ,caused ,by ,increased ,hormonal ,stimulation ,
(endometrial). ,increase ,of ,production ,of ,local ,growth ,factors
Ex: ,removal ,of ,part ,of ,the ,liver ,lead ,to ,hyperplasia ,of ,hepatocytes. ,uterine ,or ,mammary ,gland ,enlar
gement ,during ,pregnancy
Dysplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E. ,Not ,true ,adaptation; ,Cells ,abnormal ,change ,in ,size, ,shape, ,organization ,
(classified ,as ,mild, ,moderate, ,severe)
,P. ,caused ,by ,cell
,injury/irritation, ,characterized ,by ,disordered ,cell ,growth. ,aka ,atypical ,hyperplasia ,or ,pre-
cancer, ,a ,disorderly ,proliferation
Physiologic: ,N/A
Pathologic: ,squamous ,dysplasia ,of ,cervix ,from ,HPV ,shows ,up ,on ,pap ,smear, ,breast ,cancer ,developm
ent; ,pap ,smears ,often ,show ,dysplastic ,cells ,of ,the ,cervix ,that ,must ,undergo ,laser/surgical ,tx
Metaplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E: ,reversible ,change, ,one ,type ,of ,cell ,changes ,to ,another ,type ,for ,survival ,
P: ,reversible; ,results ,from ,exposure ,of ,the ,cells ,to ,chronic ,stressors, ,injury, ,or ,irritation; ,Cancer ,can ,
arise ,from ,this ,area, ,stimulus ,induces ,a ,reprogramming ,of ,stem ,cells ,under ,the ,influence ,of ,cytokine
s ,and ,growth ,factors ,
Ex: ,Patho: ,Columnar ,cells ,change ,to ,squamous ,cells ,in ,lungs ,of ,smoker ,or ,normal ,ciliated ,epithelial ,c
ells ,of ,the ,bronchial ,linings ,are ,replaced ,by ,stratified ,squamous ,epithelial ,cells.; ,Phys: ,Barrett ,Esopha
gus- ,normal ,squamous ,cells ,change ,to ,columnar ,epithelial ,cells ,in ,response ,to ,reflux, ,aka ,intestinal ,
metaplasia
Hypoxia ,injury ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,inadequate ,oxygenation ,of ,tissues
P. ,decrease ,in ,mitochondrial ,function, ,decreased ,production ,of ,ATP ,increases ,anaerobic ,metabolism.
,eventual ,cell ,death.
C.M. ,hypoxia, ,cyanosis, ,cognitive ,impairment, ,lethargy
Free ,radical ,and ,ROS ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E. ,normal ,byproduct ,of ,ATP ,production, ,will ,overwhelm ,the ,mitochondria- ,exhaust ,intracellular ,antio
xidants
P. ,lipid ,peroxidation, ,damage ,proteins, ,fragment ,DNA
C.M. ,development ,in ,Alzheimer's, ,heart ,disease, ,Parkinson's ,disease, ,Amyotrophic ,Lateral ,Sclerosis
Ethanol ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,mood ,altering ,drug, ,long ,term ,effects ,on ,liver ,and ,nutritional ,status
P. ,metabolized ,by ,liver, ,generates ,free ,radicals
C.M. ,CNS ,depression, ,nutrient ,deficiencies-
Mag, ,Vit ,B6, ,thiamine, ,PO4, ,inflammation ,and ,fatty ,infiltration ,of ,liver, ,hepatomegaly, ,leads ,to ,liver ,
failure ,irreversible
Oncosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
Na ,and ,H2O ,enter ,cell ,and ,cause ,swelling. ,Organ ,increases ,in ,weight, ,becomes ,distended ,and ,pale. ,
Associated ,with ,high ,fever, ,hypocalcemia, ,certain ,infections
,Fatty ,Infiltration ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-intracellular ,accumulation ,of ,lipids ,in ,the ,liver
liver ,fails ,to ,metabolize ,lipids. ,usually ,from ,ETOH ,or ,high ,fat ,diet. ,can ,lead ,to ,cirrhosis
dystrophic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,dead ,or ,dying ,tissues
calcium ,salt ,clump ,and ,harden- ,interfere ,with ,cellular ,structure ,and ,function
r/t ,pulmonary ,TB, ,atherosclerosis, ,injured ,heart ,valves, ,chronic ,pancreatitis
metastatic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,normal ,tissue
result ,of ,hypercalcemia ,r/
t ,hyperparathyroidism, ,hyperthyroidism, ,toxic ,levels ,of ,Vit ,D. ,Can ,also ,r/
t ,hyperphosphatemia ,in ,renal ,failure
urate ,accumulation ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
sodium ,urate ,crystals ,are ,deposited ,in ,tissues- ,group ,of ,disorders ,collectively ,called ,gout- ,acute ,arth
ritis, ,chronic ,gouty ,arthritis, ,tophus, ,nephritis
Coagulative ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-kidneys, ,heart, ,adrenals- ,secondary ,to ,hypoxia
Liquefactive ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-nerve ,cells- ,brain- ,accumulation ,of ,pus
Caseous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-lung ,disease- ,usually ,TB- ,tissue ,looks ,like ,clumped ,cheese
Fat ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-breast, ,pancreas, ,abdominal ,structures- ,creates ,soaps
Gangrenous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Dry- ,dark ,shriveled ,skin
Wet- ,internal ,organs- ,can ,lead ,to ,death
Gas- ,from ,clostridium- ,antitoxins ,and ,hyperbaric ,therapy
Gout ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,disturbances ,in ,serum ,urate ,levels. ,uncommon ,for ,< ,30 ,years ,old. ,
P. ,uric ,acid ,is ,deposited ,in ,the ,tissues ,of ,kidney, ,heart, ,earlobes, ,and ,joints. ,
C.M. ,inflammation, ,painful ,joints. ,result ,of ,diuretic ,use ,or ,diet ,high ,in ,cream ,sauces, ,red ,wine, ,or ,re
d ,meat
Rhabdomyolysis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E. ,cell ,hypoxia ,caused ,by ,severe ,muscle ,trauma, ,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,or ,severe ,dehydration
P. ,hypoxia ,to ,cell ,causes ,failure ,of ,the ,Na-
K ,pump, ,causing ,accumulation ,of ,intracellular ,sodium, ,oncosis, ,and ,eventual ,cell ,death. ,Cell ,death ,re
leases ,enzymes ,such ,as ,CK, ,uric ,acid, ,LDH, ,AST, ,etc.
, C.M. ,Causes: ,trauma, ,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,severe ,dehydration;
,s/s: ,CK ,is ,5x ,upper ,normal ,limit, ,muscle ,pain, ,weakness, ,dark, ,reddish-
brown ,urine, ,hypercalcemia, ,renal ,failure
Alpha ,Fetoprotein ,Origin ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver ,and ,germ ,cell ,tumors
Carcinoembryonic ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-GI, ,pancreas, ,lung, ,breast ,tumors
Prostate ,Specific ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-prostate ,tumors
Carcino- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,epithelial ,tissue- ,renal ,cell ,carcinoma
Sarco- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,connective ,tissue- ,chondrosarcoma
Carcinoma ,in ,situ ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
preinvasive ,epithelial ,malignant ,tumors ,of ,glandular ,or ,squamous ,cells- ,cervix
Lung ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Multiple ,organs ,including ,brain
Colorectal ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs
Testicular ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs, ,brain
Prostate ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Bones ,(especially ,lumbar ,spine), ,liver
Head ,and ,neck ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,bones, ,lymphatics
Ovarian ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Peritoneal ,surfaces, ,diaphragm, ,omentum, ,liver
Sarcoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Lungs
Melanoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,transit ,lymphatics, ,lung, ,liver, ,brain, ,GI ,tract
Mechanisms ,of ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
Local ,invasion, ,followed ,by ,invasion ,of ,surrounding ,tissues. ,Cells ,then ,may ,invade ,blood ,and ,lympha
tic ,vessels. ,They ,must ,survive ,in ,circulation, ,then ,enter ,and ,survive ,in ,a ,new ,location. ,Then ,the ,cells
,can ,multiply ,and ,form ,a ,new ,tumor.
TNM ,staging ,system ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-T= ,tumor ,size ,>/= ,correlates ,with ,metastatic ,ability ,
N= ,whether ,lymph ,nodes ,are ,involved ,
M= ,extra ,nodal ,involvement ,(liver, ,lungs)
Intravascular ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,venous ,system- ,20%
Osmolality ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-The ,measure ,of ,solute ,concentration ,in ,a ,fluid. ,
280-295 ,mOsm
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Atrophy ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,Cells ,decrease ,in ,size
P. ,Still ,functional; ,imbalance ,between ,protein ,synthesis ,and ,degradation. ,Essentially ,there ,is ,an ,incre
ase ,in ,the ,catabolism ,of ,intracellular ,organelles, ,reducing ,structural ,components ,of ,cell
Physiologic: ,thymus ,gland ,in ,early ,childhood
Pathological: ,disuse ,
(muscle ,atrophy ,d/ ,decrease ,workload, ,pressure, ,use, ,blood ,supply, ,nutrition, ,hormonal ,stimulation, ,
or ,nervous ,stimulation)
Hyperplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E: ,cells ,increase ,in ,number, ,mitosis ,
(cell ,division) ,must ,occur, ,size ,of ,cell ,does ,not ,change ,
Phys: ,increased ,rate ,of ,division, ,increase ,in ,tissue ,mass ,after ,damage ,or ,partial ,resection; ,may ,be ,co
mpensatory, ,hormonal, ,or ,pathologic
Patho: ,abnormal ,proliferation ,of ,normal ,cells ,usually ,caused ,by ,increased ,hormonal ,stimulation ,
(endometrial). ,increase ,of ,production ,of ,local ,growth ,factors
Ex: ,removal ,of ,part ,of ,the ,liver ,lead ,to ,hyperplasia ,of ,hepatocytes. ,uterine ,or ,mammary ,gland ,enlar
gement ,during ,pregnancy
Dysplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E. ,Not ,true ,adaptation; ,Cells ,abnormal ,change ,in ,size, ,shape, ,organization ,
(classified ,as ,mild, ,moderate, ,severe)
,P. ,caused ,by ,cell
,injury/irritation, ,characterized ,by ,disordered ,cell ,growth. ,aka ,atypical ,hyperplasia ,or ,pre-
cancer, ,a ,disorderly ,proliferation
Physiologic: ,N/A
Pathologic: ,squamous ,dysplasia ,of ,cervix ,from ,HPV ,shows ,up ,on ,pap ,smear, ,breast ,cancer ,developm
ent; ,pap ,smears ,often ,show ,dysplastic ,cells ,of ,the ,cervix ,that ,must ,undergo ,laser/surgical ,tx
Metaplasia ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E: ,reversible ,change, ,one ,type ,of ,cell ,changes ,to ,another ,type ,for ,survival ,
P: ,reversible; ,results ,from ,exposure ,of ,the ,cells ,to ,chronic ,stressors, ,injury, ,or ,irritation; ,Cancer ,can ,
arise ,from ,this ,area, ,stimulus ,induces ,a ,reprogramming ,of ,stem ,cells ,under ,the ,influence ,of ,cytokine
s ,and ,growth ,factors ,
Ex: ,Patho: ,Columnar ,cells ,change ,to ,squamous ,cells ,in ,lungs ,of ,smoker ,or ,normal ,ciliated ,epithelial ,c
ells ,of ,the ,bronchial ,linings ,are ,replaced ,by ,stratified ,squamous ,epithelial ,cells.; ,Phys: ,Barrett ,Esopha
gus- ,normal ,squamous ,cells ,change ,to ,columnar ,epithelial ,cells ,in ,response ,to ,reflux, ,aka ,intestinal ,
metaplasia
Hypoxia ,injury ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,inadequate ,oxygenation ,of ,tissues
P. ,decrease ,in ,mitochondrial ,function, ,decreased ,production ,of ,ATP ,increases ,anaerobic ,metabolism.
,eventual ,cell ,death.
C.M. ,hypoxia, ,cyanosis, ,cognitive ,impairment, ,lethargy
Free ,radical ,and ,ROS ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E. ,normal ,byproduct ,of ,ATP ,production, ,will ,overwhelm ,the ,mitochondria- ,exhaust ,intracellular ,antio
xidants
P. ,lipid ,peroxidation, ,damage ,proteins, ,fragment ,DNA
C.M. ,development ,in ,Alzheimer's, ,heart ,disease, ,Parkinson's ,disease, ,Amyotrophic ,Lateral ,Sclerosis
Ethanol ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,mood ,altering ,drug, ,long ,term ,effects ,on ,liver ,and ,nutritional ,status
P. ,metabolized ,by ,liver, ,generates ,free ,radicals
C.M. ,CNS ,depression, ,nutrient ,deficiencies-
Mag, ,Vit ,B6, ,thiamine, ,PO4, ,inflammation ,and ,fatty ,infiltration ,of ,liver, ,hepatomegaly, ,leads ,to ,liver ,
failure ,irreversible
Oncosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
Na ,and ,H2O ,enter ,cell ,and ,cause ,swelling. ,Organ ,increases ,in ,weight, ,becomes ,distended ,and ,pale. ,
Associated ,with ,high ,fever, ,hypocalcemia, ,certain ,infections
,Fatty ,Infiltration ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-intracellular ,accumulation ,of ,lipids ,in ,the ,liver
liver ,fails ,to ,metabolize ,lipids. ,usually ,from ,ETOH ,or ,high ,fat ,diet. ,can ,lead ,to ,cirrhosis
dystrophic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,dead ,or ,dying ,tissues
calcium ,salt ,clump ,and ,harden- ,interfere ,with ,cellular ,structure ,and ,function
r/t ,pulmonary ,TB, ,atherosclerosis, ,injured ,heart ,valves, ,chronic ,pancreatitis
metastatic ,calcification ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-accumulation ,of ,Ca ,in ,normal ,tissue
result ,of ,hypercalcemia ,r/
t ,hyperparathyroidism, ,hyperthyroidism, ,toxic ,levels ,of ,Vit ,D. ,Can ,also ,r/
t ,hyperphosphatemia ,in ,renal ,failure
urate ,accumulation ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
sodium ,urate ,crystals ,are ,deposited ,in ,tissues- ,group ,of ,disorders ,collectively ,called ,gout- ,acute ,arth
ritis, ,chronic ,gouty ,arthritis, ,tophus, ,nephritis
Coagulative ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-kidneys, ,heart, ,adrenals- ,secondary ,to ,hypoxia
Liquefactive ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-nerve ,cells- ,brain- ,accumulation ,of ,pus
Caseous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-lung ,disease- ,usually ,TB- ,tissue ,looks ,like ,clumped ,cheese
Fat ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-breast, ,pancreas, ,abdominal ,structures- ,creates ,soaps
Gangrenous ,Necrosis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Dry- ,dark ,shriveled ,skin
Wet- ,internal ,organs- ,can ,lead ,to ,death
Gas- ,from ,clostridium- ,antitoxins ,and ,hyperbaric ,therapy
Gout ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-E. ,disturbances ,in ,serum ,urate ,levels. ,uncommon ,for ,< ,30 ,years ,old. ,
P. ,uric ,acid ,is ,deposited ,in ,the ,tissues ,of ,kidney, ,heart, ,earlobes, ,and ,joints. ,
C.M. ,inflammation, ,painful ,joints. ,result ,of ,diuretic ,use ,or ,diet ,high ,in ,cream ,sauces, ,red ,wine, ,or ,re
d ,meat
Rhabdomyolysis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
E. ,cell ,hypoxia ,caused ,by ,severe ,muscle ,trauma, ,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,or ,severe ,dehydration
P. ,hypoxia ,to ,cell ,causes ,failure ,of ,the ,Na-
K ,pump, ,causing ,accumulation ,of ,intracellular ,sodium, ,oncosis, ,and ,eventual ,cell ,death. ,Cell ,death ,re
leases ,enzymes ,such ,as ,CK, ,uric ,acid, ,LDH, ,AST, ,etc.
, C.M. ,Causes: ,trauma, ,hyperthermia, ,crush ,injuries, ,severe ,dehydration;
,s/s: ,CK ,is ,5x ,upper ,normal ,limit, ,muscle ,pain, ,weakness, ,dark, ,reddish-
brown ,urine, ,hypercalcemia, ,renal ,failure
Alpha ,Fetoprotein ,Origin ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver ,and ,germ ,cell ,tumors
Carcinoembryonic ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-GI, ,pancreas, ,lung, ,breast ,tumors
Prostate ,Specific ,Antigen ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-prostate ,tumors
Carcino- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,epithelial ,tissue- ,renal ,cell ,carcinoma
Sarco- ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-from ,connective ,tissue- ,chondrosarcoma
Carcinoma ,in ,situ ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
preinvasive ,epithelial ,malignant ,tumors ,of ,glandular ,or ,squamous ,cells- ,cervix
Lung ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Multiple ,organs ,including ,brain
Colorectal ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs
Testicular ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,lungs, ,brain
Prostate ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Bones ,(especially ,lumbar ,spine), ,liver
Head ,and ,neck ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Liver, ,bones, ,lymphatics
Ovarian ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Peritoneal ,surfaces, ,diaphragm, ,omentum, ,liver
Sarcoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-Lungs
Melanoma ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,transit ,lymphatics, ,lung, ,liver, ,brain, ,GI ,tract
Mechanisms ,of ,ca ,metastasis ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-
Local ,invasion, ,followed ,by ,invasion ,of ,surrounding ,tissues. ,Cells ,then ,may ,invade ,blood ,and ,lympha
tic ,vessels. ,They ,must ,survive ,in ,circulation, ,then ,enter ,and ,survive ,in ,a ,new ,location. ,Then ,the ,cells
,can ,multiply ,and ,form ,a ,new ,tumor.
TNM ,staging ,system ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-T= ,tumor ,size ,>/= ,correlates ,with ,metastatic ,ability ,
N= ,whether ,lymph ,nodes ,are ,involved ,
M= ,extra ,nodal ,involvement ,(liver, ,lungs)
Intravascular ,fluid ,compartment ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-In ,venous ,system- ,20%
Osmolality ,- ,(correct ,answer) ,-The ,measure ,of ,solute ,concentration ,in ,a ,fluid. ,
280-295 ,mOsm
