HMX biochemistry
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy currency of life, high energy molecule that stores energy
we need to do anything. Universal unit of energy exhange
NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme in all living cells. Required for fundamental
biological processes. Oxidized form
active transport - requres energy. molecules move against concentration gradient. Ex. protein
channels, endocytosis, exocytosis. Can be coupled to exergonic chemical reactions or exergonic
movement of molecules
Kinase - enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a molecule is phosphorylated. Ex. Hexokinase
catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose. Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) catalyzes phosphorylation of
phosphofructose (Fructose 6-phosphate)
Delta G (change in G - change in free energy) - respresented in a reaction coordinate diagram.
Positive is thermodynamically unfavorable. Negative is thermodynamically favorable (exergonic - release
energy). = G(products) - G(reactants)
enzyme - catalyze chemical reaction. Lower activation energy. Biological catalyst (protein)
enzyme inhibition - results in decrease in activity of that enzyme, reaising activation enregy of
reaction it catalyzes
enzyme activation - results in increase in activity of that enzyme, lowering activation energy of
reaction it catalyzes
equilibrium - when rate of forward and reverse reactions are same. Concentration of products and
reactants don't change appreciably over time but reaction is going. On average, same # of A + B reactions
and C splitting reactions occurring a given period of time
, Gibbs' Free Energy (G) - property of a molecule that reflects its capacity to do work. Determined
by potential energy stored in chemical bonds and concentration/physical parameters (temperature)
glycolysis - central pathway in breakdown of carbs for energy. Series of 10 reactions. 1 glucose -->
2 pyruvate. - change in G of whole pathway but some reactions have positive change in G. Net formation
of 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each glucose
isomerization - one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same
atoms, but atoms have a different arrangement. ABC --> BAC. Chemical formula doesn't change but
atoms are rearranged.
Le Chatelier's principle - when a system is initially at equilibrium, then perturbed away from
equilibrium, it will counteract the perturbation to move back towards equilibrium (change in G not equal
to 0), either forward or reverse reaction is more thermodynamically favorable. Low activation energy
activation energy - energy needed to get a reaction started
negative feedback - results of some process serve to counteract that process. maintains a variable
in a narrow range at homeostasis.
net reaction - sum total of all chemical changes that occur if molecules are consumed in one
reaction but produced in another in equal quantity, they aren't included
phosphatase - enzymes that remove phosphates from molecules
products - substance formed as a result of chemical reaction. Right
reactants - starting materials for a reaction. Undergo a chemical change. Left
reaction coordinate diagram - tells whether reaction is thermodynamically favorable or
unfavorable
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy currency of life, high energy molecule that stores energy
we need to do anything. Universal unit of energy exhange
NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme in all living cells. Required for fundamental
biological processes. Oxidized form
active transport - requres energy. molecules move against concentration gradient. Ex. protein
channels, endocytosis, exocytosis. Can be coupled to exergonic chemical reactions or exergonic
movement of molecules
Kinase - enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a molecule is phosphorylated. Ex. Hexokinase
catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose. Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) catalyzes phosphorylation of
phosphofructose (Fructose 6-phosphate)
Delta G (change in G - change in free energy) - respresented in a reaction coordinate diagram.
Positive is thermodynamically unfavorable. Negative is thermodynamically favorable (exergonic - release
energy). = G(products) - G(reactants)
enzyme - catalyze chemical reaction. Lower activation energy. Biological catalyst (protein)
enzyme inhibition - results in decrease in activity of that enzyme, reaising activation enregy of
reaction it catalyzes
enzyme activation - results in increase in activity of that enzyme, lowering activation energy of
reaction it catalyzes
equilibrium - when rate of forward and reverse reactions are same. Concentration of products and
reactants don't change appreciably over time but reaction is going. On average, same # of A + B reactions
and C splitting reactions occurring a given period of time
, Gibbs' Free Energy (G) - property of a molecule that reflects its capacity to do work. Determined
by potential energy stored in chemical bonds and concentration/physical parameters (temperature)
glycolysis - central pathway in breakdown of carbs for energy. Series of 10 reactions. 1 glucose -->
2 pyruvate. - change in G of whole pathway but some reactions have positive change in G. Net formation
of 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each glucose
isomerization - one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same
atoms, but atoms have a different arrangement. ABC --> BAC. Chemical formula doesn't change but
atoms are rearranged.
Le Chatelier's principle - when a system is initially at equilibrium, then perturbed away from
equilibrium, it will counteract the perturbation to move back towards equilibrium (change in G not equal
to 0), either forward or reverse reaction is more thermodynamically favorable. Low activation energy
activation energy - energy needed to get a reaction started
negative feedback - results of some process serve to counteract that process. maintains a variable
in a narrow range at homeostasis.
net reaction - sum total of all chemical changes that occur if molecules are consumed in one
reaction but produced in another in equal quantity, they aren't included
phosphatase - enzymes that remove phosphates from molecules
products - substance formed as a result of chemical reaction. Right
reactants - starting materials for a reaction. Undergo a chemical change. Left
reaction coordinate diagram - tells whether reaction is thermodynamically favorable or
unfavorable
