Human disease study guide

Final Review:
Disease Process

Inflammation and repair (5 questions)

1. 4 stages of inflammatory response
- Histamine releases; permeability & blood flow increased
- Neutrophil exudation
- Monocyte exudation
- Regeneration & repair
2. Cell types involved in inflammatory response
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes - > Macrophages
- lymphocytes



Neoplasia (4 questions)

1. Comparison of benign and malignant neoplasms
- Benign:
 Well defined; encapsulated
 Closely resemble cell of origin
 Remains confined: does not spread to other tissue
 Flow growth
 Usually not fatal
- Malignant (CA):
 Very invasive with vague borders
 Cellular atypia
 Metastasis – spreads via blood or lymph
 Rapid growth
 High fatality rate

2. Characteristic behavior of malignant neoplasms
3. Nomenclature of neoplasms
- Benign: tissue of origin + suffix “oma”
 Adenoma – benign tumor in glandular tissue
 Osteoma – benign tumor in bone
 Lipoma – benign tumor in fatty tissue

, - Malignant : tissue of origin + suffix “carcinoma” or “sarcoma”
 Adenocarcinoma – malignant tumor in glandular tissue
 Osteosarcoma – malignant tumor in bone
 Melanoma
 Lymphoma
 Glioma

4. Etiologies of malignant neoplasms
- Tobacco / smoking
- Diet / obesity
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Occupational exposure
- Family history
- Viruses
- Perinatal factors /growth
- Alcohol
- Socioeconomic status
- Pollution
- UV radiation
- Drugs / medical procedures
- Salt / food additives / contaminants



Inherited Diseases (2 Questions)

1. Chromosome aberrations
(a) Cause
- Trisomy – 21 (3 copies of chromosome 21)
- Trisomy – 23 (Males born: XXY)
- Monosomy – 23 (females with single X)

(b)Three examples
- Trisomy – 21 (Down Syndrome)
 Flattened nose and face
 Almond shaped eyes
 Small ears
- Trisomy – 23 (Klinefelter's Syndrome)
 Lack of sexual development
 Secondary female traits during puberty
 Gynecomastia

,  Tall stature

- Monosomy – 23 (Turner’s Syndrome)
 Lack of breast development
 Pelvis doesn’t widen
 Usually, sterile
 Short stature, broad neck

2. Genetic diseases
(a) Autosomal inheritance
- How it occurs
 Occurs when heterozygotes mate





- Three examples
 Cystic fibrosis; concentration of ions in secretions is
abnormal (thick) impairs lungs/pancreatic function/poor
digestion/failure to thrive)
 Sickle cell anemia; hemolytic anemia caused by fragile and
abnormally shaped RBC’s (crippling pain/mini
infarcts/repeated infections)
 Phenylketonuria (PKU) ; missing enzyme which metabolizes
phenylalanine increase (inhibits newborn brain
growth/signs of impaired neurologic development)
(b)Sex linked
- How it occurs
 Defective allele is transmitted from mother to son on the X
of the 23rd chromosome
- One example
 Hemophilia