TEST BANK for Structure and Function of the Body
16th Edition Patton ISBN: 9780323597791 Chapters 1-22
Complete Guide.
which part of the brain controls skeletal muscles - ANSWER cerebral cortex -
specifically primary motor cortex which is located at the posterior aspect of frontal
lobe
what supports this neuromuscular activity (2 body systems) - ANSWER continuous
delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working tissues and removal of carbon dioxide
and metabolic waste through activities of cardiovascular and respiratory system
what body systems are essential for developing and maintaining muscular strength
and power - ANSWER musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, respiratory and
cardiovascular
do muscles act directly to exert force on the objects - ANSWER no, they function by
pulling against bones that rotate around joints
muscles can only pull (contraction and relaxation), not push, but through the system
of bony levers muscle pulling forces can be manifested as both pulling or pushing
external objects
how many bones are approx in human body - ANSWER 206
How is the skeleton divided? - ANSWER axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column -
from C1 to coccyx, ribs and sternum) and appendicular (shoulder girdle - clavicle and
scapula, bones of the arms wrists and hands - humerus radius ulna carpals
metacarpals and phalanges, pelvic girdle - coxal bones, and the bones of the legs
ankles and feet - femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges)
Types of joints - ANSWER fibrous - allow virtually no movement (ex. structures on
the skull)
cartilaginous - allow limited movement (ex. intervertebral disks)
synovial - allow considerable movement (ex. hip, knee)
how do we categorise joints based on the number of directions a rotation can occur -
ANSWER uniaxal - rotating about only one axis; hinge (ex. elbow, knee can be
categorised here but his axis actually changes through range of motion)
biaxal - allow movement in 2 planes (ex. ankle, wrist)
multiaxal - ball and a socket joints, allow movement in all three planes
structure of vertebral column - ANSWER made up of vertebral bones separated by
flexible disks
the vertebrae are categorised into: 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region (C1-C7),
12 thoracic vertebrae in the upper and middle back (T1-T12), 5 lumbar vertebrae in
,the lower back (L1-L5), 5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form sacrum
and 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae which are fused together to form coccyx
What Factors Affect Skeletal Growth in an Adult - ANSWER when the body is
subjected to heavy loads the bone increases in bone mineral content aka. density
similar changes can occur if a body preforms explosive movements with impact
other factors that impact bone adaptation are weather the skeleton is loaded and
frequency of this loading
adaptation of bones are LONGER than adaptation of skeletal muscles so it is
important to vary stimulus in frequency, intensity and type
how is specialized connective tissue that covers bones called - ANSWER bone
periosteum
two attachments of muscles - ANSWER limb muscles: proximal (closer to the trunk)
and distal (further from the trunk)
trunk muscles: superior (loser to the head) and inferior (closer to the feet)
connective tissue of the muscles - names and what does each enclose - ANSWER
deep fascia - surround muscle groups
epimysium - wraps muscle organs
perimysium - wraps fascicles
endomysium - wraps muscle cells and is surrounded by sarcolema
how is called the junction between motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
(and relationship between the number of motor neurons and muscle cells it
innervates) - ANSWER neuromuscular junction each muscle cell has only one
neuromuscular junction, but one motor neuron innervates many cells
how are called motor neuron and muscle fibers (cells) it innervates - ANSWER motor
unit, all the muscle fibers of the motor unit CONTRACT TOGETHER when they are
stimulated by motor neuron
what is the name of muscle fiber´s cytoplasm and what does it contain - ANSWER
sarcoplasm, it contains protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen and fat
particles, enzymes and specialized organelle as mitochondria and sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Definition of myofibrils - ANSWER structure that dominates sarcoplasm, contains
apparatus that contracts the muscle (contractile proteins - myofilaments: actin and
myosin) it is divided into sarcomeres
how do we divide the sarcomere - ANSWER H zone - in the center of the sarcomere
where only myosin is present
M - bridge is the center of H - zone where adjacent myosin filaments anchor to each
other
A - band - center of the sarcomere that contains both thick and thin filaments
(expansion of H - zone)
I - band - areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments
Z - line - the middle of I -band that demarks two adjacent sarcomeres
,what is sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER system of tubules surrounding each
myofibril at the ends if tubules are vesicles in which calcium ions are stored
What are T-tubules? - ANSWER Tunnel-like structures that run perpendicular to
sarcoplasmic reticulum and end in the vicinity of Z line between two vesicles
because T tubules are contiguous with sarcolemma and run between outlying
myofibrils action potential arrives nearly simoltaneously from the surface to the depth
of muscle fiber
simplest explanation of mechanics of sliding filament model - ANSWER myosin
binds to actin forming crossbridges which pull actin filaments inwards, pulling the Z
lines towards the center of the sarcomere thus shortening the muscle fiber
what is a power stroke - ANSWER the action when it releases ADP and phosphate
and pushes myosin closer to the center of the sarcomere
because only a small displacement of actin occurs with each power stroke very rapid
repeated strokes must occur in many crossbridges throughout entire muscle for
measurable movement to occur
do actin and myosin articulate during resting phase - ANSWER yes even with the
actin binding site covered myosin and actin still interact in a weak bond which
becomes strong when actin binding site is exposed
The amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time is directly related to
what - ANSWER to the number of myosin crossbridges bound to actin filaments in
that instant in time
from where comes the energy for power stroke - ANSWER from hydrolysis of ATP to
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate
how is called the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP - ANSWER myosin
adenosine triphosphate (ATP-ase)
in which other events in skeletal muscles does calcium have regulation role besides
contraction - ANSWER glycolytic and oxidative energy metabolism, protein synthesis
and protein degradation
sequence of events and what has to be avaliable for them to happen - ANSWER
binding of calcium to troponin
coupling of myosin crossbridges to actin
power stroke
dissociation of actin and myosin head
and resetting of myosin head position
this occurs as long as calcium is available in myofibril, ATP is available for power
stroke, and active myosin ATPase is available for catalyzing the breakdown of ATP
the amount of control of a muscle is dependant of what - ANSWER on the number of
muscle fibers of each motor unit, aka. the number of motor units in the muscle
, more motor units = fewer muscle fibers of each motor unit = more precision (ex. eye
muscles can have as few as one muscle fiber per motor unit, while quadriceps may
have several hundreds muscle fibers per motor unit)
can action potential directly excite muscle fibers - ANSWER no, it excites muscle
fibers by chemical transmision
arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes release of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine which diffuses across neuromuscular junction
Can a stronger action potential produce a stronger contraction? and how is this
phenomenon called - ANSWER no, this phenomenon is called all-or-none principle
of the muscle
What is a twitch? - ANSWER single stimulus-contraction sequence in a muscle fiber
what happens If a second twitch is elicited from the motor nerve before the fibers
completely relax - ANSWER force from the two twitches summates, and the resulting
force is greater than that produced by a single twitch
why does decreasing time between twitches result in greater force production -
ANSWER Although calcium release during a twitch is sufficient to allow optimal
activation of actin and myosin, and thereby maximal force of the fibers, calcium is
removed before force reaches its maximum, and the muscle starts to relax
since peak force in a single twitch occurs and muscle than starts to relax decreasing
time between twitches results in greater summation of crossbridge binding and force
What is tetanus? - ANSWER This term refers to the highest tension developed by a
muscle in response to stimulation of increasing frequency - when twitches are fused.
This is the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop
what is a most familiar way to categorise muscle fiber types and how do we
categorise them based on that way, what about motor unit - ANSWER the most
familiar approach to classify fibers is based on twitch time; slow-twitch fibers and
fast-twitch fibers, also because all fibers of the same motor unit are all of the same
type it can be categorised the same way
What is histochemical staining? - ANSWER a method for determing how many
myosin ATPase enzyme is present in the muscle fiber. Slow twitch fibers have lower
myosin ATPase content (stains lighter), while fast twitch fibers have higher myosin
ATPase content (stains darker)
how do we classify muscle fibers based on histochemichal staining - ANSWER type I
(slow twitch), type IIa (fast twitch) and type IIx (fast twitch)
what is myosin heavy chain - ANSWER component of the myosin complex, Each
myosin molecule is made up of two MHCs coiled around each other which end in
myosin heads, two regulatory light chains (RLCs) and two essential light chains
(ELCs).
16th Edition Patton ISBN: 9780323597791 Chapters 1-22
Complete Guide.
which part of the brain controls skeletal muscles - ANSWER cerebral cortex -
specifically primary motor cortex which is located at the posterior aspect of frontal
lobe
what supports this neuromuscular activity (2 body systems) - ANSWER continuous
delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working tissues and removal of carbon dioxide
and metabolic waste through activities of cardiovascular and respiratory system
what body systems are essential for developing and maintaining muscular strength
and power - ANSWER musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, respiratory and
cardiovascular
do muscles act directly to exert force on the objects - ANSWER no, they function by
pulling against bones that rotate around joints
muscles can only pull (contraction and relaxation), not push, but through the system
of bony levers muscle pulling forces can be manifested as both pulling or pushing
external objects
how many bones are approx in human body - ANSWER 206
How is the skeleton divided? - ANSWER axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column -
from C1 to coccyx, ribs and sternum) and appendicular (shoulder girdle - clavicle and
scapula, bones of the arms wrists and hands - humerus radius ulna carpals
metacarpals and phalanges, pelvic girdle - coxal bones, and the bones of the legs
ankles and feet - femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges)
Types of joints - ANSWER fibrous - allow virtually no movement (ex. structures on
the skull)
cartilaginous - allow limited movement (ex. intervertebral disks)
synovial - allow considerable movement (ex. hip, knee)
how do we categorise joints based on the number of directions a rotation can occur -
ANSWER uniaxal - rotating about only one axis; hinge (ex. elbow, knee can be
categorised here but his axis actually changes through range of motion)
biaxal - allow movement in 2 planes (ex. ankle, wrist)
multiaxal - ball and a socket joints, allow movement in all three planes
structure of vertebral column - ANSWER made up of vertebral bones separated by
flexible disks
the vertebrae are categorised into: 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region (C1-C7),
12 thoracic vertebrae in the upper and middle back (T1-T12), 5 lumbar vertebrae in
,the lower back (L1-L5), 5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form sacrum
and 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae which are fused together to form coccyx
What Factors Affect Skeletal Growth in an Adult - ANSWER when the body is
subjected to heavy loads the bone increases in bone mineral content aka. density
similar changes can occur if a body preforms explosive movements with impact
other factors that impact bone adaptation are weather the skeleton is loaded and
frequency of this loading
adaptation of bones are LONGER than adaptation of skeletal muscles so it is
important to vary stimulus in frequency, intensity and type
how is specialized connective tissue that covers bones called - ANSWER bone
periosteum
two attachments of muscles - ANSWER limb muscles: proximal (closer to the trunk)
and distal (further from the trunk)
trunk muscles: superior (loser to the head) and inferior (closer to the feet)
connective tissue of the muscles - names and what does each enclose - ANSWER
deep fascia - surround muscle groups
epimysium - wraps muscle organs
perimysium - wraps fascicles
endomysium - wraps muscle cells and is surrounded by sarcolema
how is called the junction between motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
(and relationship between the number of motor neurons and muscle cells it
innervates) - ANSWER neuromuscular junction each muscle cell has only one
neuromuscular junction, but one motor neuron innervates many cells
how are called motor neuron and muscle fibers (cells) it innervates - ANSWER motor
unit, all the muscle fibers of the motor unit CONTRACT TOGETHER when they are
stimulated by motor neuron
what is the name of muscle fiber´s cytoplasm and what does it contain - ANSWER
sarcoplasm, it contains protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen and fat
particles, enzymes and specialized organelle as mitochondria and sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Definition of myofibrils - ANSWER structure that dominates sarcoplasm, contains
apparatus that contracts the muscle (contractile proteins - myofilaments: actin and
myosin) it is divided into sarcomeres
how do we divide the sarcomere - ANSWER H zone - in the center of the sarcomere
where only myosin is present
M - bridge is the center of H - zone where adjacent myosin filaments anchor to each
other
A - band - center of the sarcomere that contains both thick and thin filaments
(expansion of H - zone)
I - band - areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments
Z - line - the middle of I -band that demarks two adjacent sarcomeres
,what is sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER system of tubules surrounding each
myofibril at the ends if tubules are vesicles in which calcium ions are stored
What are T-tubules? - ANSWER Tunnel-like structures that run perpendicular to
sarcoplasmic reticulum and end in the vicinity of Z line between two vesicles
because T tubules are contiguous with sarcolemma and run between outlying
myofibrils action potential arrives nearly simoltaneously from the surface to the depth
of muscle fiber
simplest explanation of mechanics of sliding filament model - ANSWER myosin
binds to actin forming crossbridges which pull actin filaments inwards, pulling the Z
lines towards the center of the sarcomere thus shortening the muscle fiber
what is a power stroke - ANSWER the action when it releases ADP and phosphate
and pushes myosin closer to the center of the sarcomere
because only a small displacement of actin occurs with each power stroke very rapid
repeated strokes must occur in many crossbridges throughout entire muscle for
measurable movement to occur
do actin and myosin articulate during resting phase - ANSWER yes even with the
actin binding site covered myosin and actin still interact in a weak bond which
becomes strong when actin binding site is exposed
The amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time is directly related to
what - ANSWER to the number of myosin crossbridges bound to actin filaments in
that instant in time
from where comes the energy for power stroke - ANSWER from hydrolysis of ATP to
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate
how is called the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP - ANSWER myosin
adenosine triphosphate (ATP-ase)
in which other events in skeletal muscles does calcium have regulation role besides
contraction - ANSWER glycolytic and oxidative energy metabolism, protein synthesis
and protein degradation
sequence of events and what has to be avaliable for them to happen - ANSWER
binding of calcium to troponin
coupling of myosin crossbridges to actin
power stroke
dissociation of actin and myosin head
and resetting of myosin head position
this occurs as long as calcium is available in myofibril, ATP is available for power
stroke, and active myosin ATPase is available for catalyzing the breakdown of ATP
the amount of control of a muscle is dependant of what - ANSWER on the number of
muscle fibers of each motor unit, aka. the number of motor units in the muscle
, more motor units = fewer muscle fibers of each motor unit = more precision (ex. eye
muscles can have as few as one muscle fiber per motor unit, while quadriceps may
have several hundreds muscle fibers per motor unit)
can action potential directly excite muscle fibers - ANSWER no, it excites muscle
fibers by chemical transmision
arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes release of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine which diffuses across neuromuscular junction
Can a stronger action potential produce a stronger contraction? and how is this
phenomenon called - ANSWER no, this phenomenon is called all-or-none principle
of the muscle
What is a twitch? - ANSWER single stimulus-contraction sequence in a muscle fiber
what happens If a second twitch is elicited from the motor nerve before the fibers
completely relax - ANSWER force from the two twitches summates, and the resulting
force is greater than that produced by a single twitch
why does decreasing time between twitches result in greater force production -
ANSWER Although calcium release during a twitch is sufficient to allow optimal
activation of actin and myosin, and thereby maximal force of the fibers, calcium is
removed before force reaches its maximum, and the muscle starts to relax
since peak force in a single twitch occurs and muscle than starts to relax decreasing
time between twitches results in greater summation of crossbridge binding and force
What is tetanus? - ANSWER This term refers to the highest tension developed by a
muscle in response to stimulation of increasing frequency - when twitches are fused.
This is the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop
what is a most familiar way to categorise muscle fiber types and how do we
categorise them based on that way, what about motor unit - ANSWER the most
familiar approach to classify fibers is based on twitch time; slow-twitch fibers and
fast-twitch fibers, also because all fibers of the same motor unit are all of the same
type it can be categorised the same way
What is histochemical staining? - ANSWER a method for determing how many
myosin ATPase enzyme is present in the muscle fiber. Slow twitch fibers have lower
myosin ATPase content (stains lighter), while fast twitch fibers have higher myosin
ATPase content (stains darker)
how do we classify muscle fibers based on histochemichal staining - ANSWER type I
(slow twitch), type IIa (fast twitch) and type IIx (fast twitch)
what is myosin heavy chain - ANSWER component of the myosin complex, Each
myosin molecule is made up of two MHCs coiled around each other which end in
myosin heads, two regulatory light chains (RLCs) and two essential light chains
(ELCs).
